Decoding the multifaceted roles of galectins in self-defense.

In this review, we aim to explore the multifaceted roles of galectins in host defense from a broader perspective, particularly regarding their functions when host integrity is compromised. Numerous comprehensive reviews on galectin functions in immunity have already been published. For researchers new to the field, this wealth of information may create an impression of galectins as proteins involved in a wide array of biological processes. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneity of galectin ligands, glycans, there is a risk of perceiving galectin-specific functions as ambiguous, potentially obscuring their core biological significance. To address this, we revisit foundational aspects, focusing on the significance of the recognition of galactose, a "late-comer" monosaccharide in evolutionary terms, provide an overview of galectin glycan binding specificity, with emphasis on the potential biological importance of each carbohydrate-recognition domain. We also discuss the biological implications of the galectin location paradox wherein these cytosolic lectins function in host defense despite their glycan ligands being synthesized in the secretory pathway. Additionally, we examine the role of galectins in liquid-liquid phase separation on membranes, which may facilitate their diverse functions in cellular responses. Through this approach, we aim to re-evaluate the complex and diverse biological roles of galectins in host defense.