High-Performance and Anti-Freezing Moisture-Electric Generator Combining Ion-Exchange Membrane and Ionic Hydrogel.

Moisture-electric generators (MEGs), which convert moisture chemical potential energy into electrical power, are attracting increasing attention as clean energy harvesting and conversion technologies. However, existing devices suffer from inadequate moisture trapping, intermittent electric output, suboptimal performance at low relative humidity (RH), and limited ion separation efficiency. This study designs an ionic hydrogel MEG capable of continuously generating energy with enhanced selective ion transport and sustained ion-to-electron current conversion at low RH by integrating an ion-exchange membrane (IEM-MEG). A single IEM-MEG exhibits a maximum open-circuit voltage (V) of 0.815 V and a short-circuit current (I) of 101 µA at 80% RH. Even at a low RH of 10%, a stable V of 0.43 V and I of 11 µA can be generated. Moreover, the antifreeze performance of the device is improved by adding LiCl, which significantly expands its operational range in low-temperature environments. Finally, a simple series-parallel connection of six IEM-MEGs can yield an enhanced V of 4.8 V and a I of ≈0.6 mA, and the scalable units can directly power commercial electronics. This study provides new insights into the design of MEGs that will advance the development of green energy conversion technologies in the future.