Kumar Ghanshyam, Duggal Bhanu, Singh J P, Shrivastava Yash
Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India.
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2025 Jan;113(1):e37845. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37845.
Long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is crucial for detecting and diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Monitoring cardiac health and activities using efficient, noninvasive, and cost-effective techniques such as ECG can be vital for the early detection of different CVDs. Wet electrode-based traditional ECG techniques come with unavoidable limitations of the altered quality of ECG signals caused by gel volatilization and unwanted noise followed by dermatitis. The limitation related to the wet electrodes for long-term ECG monitoring in static and dynamic postures reminds us of the urgency of a suitable substitute. Dry electrodes promise long-term ECG monitoring with the potential for significant noise reduction. This review discusses traditional and alternative techniques to record ECG in terms of meeting the efficient detection of CVDs by conducting a detailed analysis of different types of dry electrodes along with materials (substrate, support, matrix, and conductive part) used for fabrication, followed by the number of human subjects they have been used for validation. The degradation of these electrodes has also been discussed briefly. This review finds a need for more validation on a sufficient number of subjects and the issue of cost and noise hindering the commercialization of these dry electrodes.
长期心电图（ECG）监测对于心血管疾病（CVD）的检测和诊断至关重要。使用诸如心电图等高效、无创且经济高效的技术来监测心脏健康和活动，对于早期发现不同的心血管疾病可能至关重要。基于湿电极的传统心电图技术存在不可避免的局限性，即凝胶挥发和不必要的噪音会导致心电图信号质量改变，进而引发皮炎。与湿电极在静态和动态姿势下进行长期心电图监测相关的局限性，让我们意识到寻找合适替代品的紧迫性。干电极有望实现长期心电图监测，并有可能显著降低噪音。本综述通过对不同类型的干电极以及用于制造的材料（基底、支撑、基质和导电部分）进行详细分析，进而讨论了记录心电图的传统技术和替代技术，以满足对心血管疾病的有效检测，随后还介绍了使用这些技术进行验证的人类受试者数量。还简要讨论了这些电极的降解情况。本综述发现，需要对足够数量的受试者进行更多验证，并且成本和噪音问题阻碍了这些干电极的商业化。
