García-Pérez Ángel, Carmona Isabel, Estévez Angeles F
Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
Centro de investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social (CIBIS) Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2024 Dec 11;15:1421688. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1421688. eCollection 2024.
The differential outcomes procedure (DOP) is an easily applicable method for enhancing discriminative learning and recognition memory. Its effectiveness in improving the recognition of facial expressions of emotion has been recently explored, with mixed success. This study aims to explore whether the expectancies generated via the DOP are reflected as differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) between participants in differential (DOP) or non-differential conditions (NOP) in a facial expression of complex emotion label task. Participants ( = 27 total, 14 DOP) in the DOP group received a specific reward for each specific emotion, while those in the NOP group received a random reinforcer when they correctly identified the emotion. We did not find differences in participants' accuracy or reaction time depending on group (DOP or NOP). These findings suggest that the DOP may not provide significant benefits for tasks involving labeling complex emotional expressions. However, differences in ERP components were observed between both groups. Specifically, the NOP group showed an increased Late Positive Component during encoding, fronto-central P300 during memory maintenance of facial stimuli, and frontal, fronto-central, and central P300 during retrieval. These ERPs, taken together, suggest that the task was more attentionally demanding for the NOP group. Additionally, some markers identified in previous ERP studies on the DOP were absent, indicating that the outcome expectancies may not have been fully generated. Finally, there were also interactions between the valence of the facial stimuli, participant group, and some of the potentials, such as N100 or N200 during encoding. These findings suggest that participants in the DOP group may have allocated more attentional resources to processing expressions of positive-valence emotions during earlier stages, possibly due to reward expectancy effects.
差异结果程序（DOP）是一种易于应用的方法，可增强辨别性学习和识别记忆。最近人们探讨了它在改善对情感面部表情识别方面的有效性，但结果喜忧参半。本研究旨在探究通过DOP产生的预期是否表现为在复杂情感标签面部表情任务中，处于差异（DOP）或非差异条件（NOP）的参与者之间事件相关电位（ERP）的差异。DOP组的参与者（共27人，14人在DOP组）对每种特定情感会得到特定奖励，而NOP组的参与者在正确识别情感时会得到随机强化物。我们没有发现参与者的准确率或反应时间因组别（DOP或NOP）而存在差异。这些发现表明，DOP可能对涉及标记复杂情感表情的任务没有显著益处。然而，两组之间观察到了ERP成分的差异。具体而言，NOP组在编码期间晚期正成分增加，在面部刺激的记忆维持期间额中央P300增加，在检索期间额部、额中央和中央P300增加。综合这些ERP结果表明，该任务对NOP组的注意力要求更高。此外，先前关于DOP的ERP研究中确定的一些标记物并不存在，这表明结果预期可能没有完全产生。最后，面部刺激的效价、参与者组别和一些电位之间也存在相互作用，例如编码期间的N100或N200。这些发现表明，DOP组的参与者可能在早期阶段将更多注意力资源分配到处理正性效价情感的表情上，这可能是由于奖励预期效应。
