Enhancement of Chondrogenic Differentiation in Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids by Methanolic Extract: Insights into Concentration-Dependent mRNA Expression and Gene Clustering Analysis.

: L. has been utilized as a medicinal plant for centuries. This research sought to examine the effects of cumin methanolic extract (CMT) on the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. : Spheroids were generated using human stem cells and cultured with CMT at concentrations between 0 and 1 µg/mL. Morphological assessments and cell viability tests were conducted on days 1 and 3. Chondrogenic differentiation expression was evaluated through quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and RNA sequencing. SOX9, FAM20B, COL2A1, and COL1A1 mRNA expression levels were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was analyzed via Western blot. : Throughout this study, the spheroids maintained their integrity and shape. No significant variations in spheroid diameter were observed among the groups. CMT treatment enhanced the expression of SOX9 and FAM20B. : The methanolic extract of facilitated chondrogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by modulating SOX9 and FAM20B expression. This indicates its potential application in cartilage tissue engineering.