Smith Stuart J, Wang Tianfang, Cummins Scott F
Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia.
School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore BC, QLD 4558, Australia.
Mar Drugs. 2024 Dec 7;22(12):552. doi: 10.3390/md22120552.
Saponins are a diverse class of secondary metabolites that are often reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological applications. While research into the elucidation and application of plant and class Holothuroidea-derived saponins (i.e., sea cucumbers) is extensive, the class Asteroidea-derived saponins (i.e., seastars) have been largely overlooked and primarily limited to elucidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cytotoxic activities of asteroid-derived saponins against various cell cultures, for instance, mammalian erythrocytes, multiple microbial strains and cancer cell lines, including melanoma, breast, colon, and lung cancers. Highlighting the distinct structural variations in these saponins, this review examines their selective cytotoxicity and potency, with many demonstrating IC values in the low micromolar range. Specific compounds, such as asterosaponins and polyhydroxylated saponins, exhibit noteworthy effects, particularly against melanoma and lung carcinoma cells, while triterpenoid saponins were found to be highly cytotoxic to both erythrocytes and fungal cells. This review also addresses gaps in the research area, including the need for additional in vitro antimicrobial studies, in vivo studies, and further exploration of their mechanisms of action. By consolidating recent findings, we have shed light on the therapeutic potential of asteroid-derived steroidal saponins in developing novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
皂苷是一类多样的次生代谢产物，常据报道具有多种药理应用。虽然对植物和海参纲来源的皂苷（即海参）的阐释和应用研究广泛，但海星纲来源的皂苷（即海星）在很大程度上被忽视了，且主要局限于阐释方面。本综述全面概述了海星来源的皂苷对各种细胞培养物的细胞毒性活性，例如哺乳动物红细胞、多种微生物菌株和癌细胞系，包括黑色素瘤、乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌细胞系。本综述突出了这些皂苷独特的结构差异，研究了它们的选择性细胞毒性和效力，许多皂苷的半数抑制浓度值在低微摩尔范围内。特定化合物，如海星皂苷和多羟基化皂苷，表现出值得注意的效果，特别是对黑色素瘤和肺癌细胞，而三萜皂苷被发现对红细胞和真菌细胞均具有高度细胞毒性。本综述还阐述了该研究领域的空白，包括需要更多的体外抗菌研究、体内研究以及对其作用机制的进一步探索。通过整合近期的研究结果，我们揭示了海星来源的甾体皂苷在开发新型抗菌和抗癌药物方面的治疗潜力。
