Surgery is considered the gold standard for treating melanoma, but the high recurrence rate after surgery still remains as a major challenge. Therefore, using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, this study investigated the 3D printing of anticancer drug-loaded hydrogel blend scaffolds for inhibiting post-operation melanoma recurrence and for promoting tissue regeneration. Three-dimensional printing could successfully produce methacrylate-modified chitosan (CSMA) and methylcellulose (MC) hydrogel blend scaffolds. Polymer blend inks exhibited satisfactory printability, and the printed porous scaffolds showed good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Three-dimensionally printed DOX-loaded hydrogel scaffolds displayed controlled drug release, which may effectively prevent/impede tumor recurrence after surgery. Furthermore, combining 3D printing and bioprinting, DOX-loaded and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (rBMSC)-laden scaffolds were created for assessing local DOX delivery on healthy tissues. Within the 14-day culture period, rBMSCs encapsulated in multilayered scaffolds that were incorporated with DOX displayed rejuvenated cell viability. The 3D printed and bioprinted dual purpose hydrogel scaffolds have the promise of combating tumor recurrence and providing structural support for tissue regeneration.