Fiaz Muhammad, Elsadek Mohamed Farouk, Al-Numair Khalid S, Chaudhry Shafqat Rasul, Saleem Mohammad, Khan Kashif Ur Rehman, Yehya Ashwaq Hamid Salem, Asif Muhammad
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Inflammopharmacology. 2025 Jan;33(1):311-328. doi: 10.1007/s10787-024-01624-7. Epub 2024 Dec 28.
Juice and decoction of leaves of Suaeda fruticosa, a halophytic medicinal plant of Cholistan desert, is traditionally used to treat rheumatism. The current study was carried out to probe into in vivo anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic potential of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of S. fruticosa (Et-SF) and its bioactive molecules. GC-MS screening of Et-SF revealed presence of various bioactive compounds including phytol, thymol, n-hexadecanoic acid, farnesol, and 1-heptacosanol. DPPH in vitro radical scavenging assay demonstrated moderate antioxidant potential of Et-SF. Safety evaluation of Et-SF confirmed no lethal effects in female albino rats up to the single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg. In all in vivo models, Et-SF was administered in three doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and a single dose of flurbiprofen (FP) (10 mg/kg). Et-SF significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated acute inflammation in carrageenan, histamine, and serotonin-induced rat paw oedema models in a time-dependent manner. Et-SF alleviated oedema, restored haematological parameters, and reduced severe pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrous tissue proliferation in the paws of CFA-induced arthritic rats. Moreover, treatment with thymol, farnesol and n-hexadecanoic acid alone and in combination also attenuated the arthritic progression in the arthritic rats indicating involvement of these compounds towards anti-arthritic potential of Et-SF. Et-SF and FP significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, and COX-2 mRNA expression, and up-regulated IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression in arthritic rats. Hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing models results indicated the analgesic attributes of Et-SF in mice models. This study suggests that S. fruticosa ethanol extract may regulate the expression of inflammatory markers involved in nociceptive, inflammatory, and arthritic disorders. Its phytochemicals could target multiple phases of these conditions at cellular and subcellular levels. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
盐生药用植物翅碱蓬是巴基斯坦乔利斯坦沙漠的一种植物，其叶汁和煎剂传统上用于治疗风湿病。本研究旨在探讨翅碱蓬全株乙醇提取物（Et-SF）及其生物活性分子在体内的抗伤害感受、抗炎和抗关节炎潜力。对Et-SF进行气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析，结果显示其中存在多种生物活性化合物，包括叶绿醇、百里香酚、正十六烷酸、法尼醇和十七烷醇。体外1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除试验表明，Et-SF具有中等程度的抗氧化潜力。对Et-SF的安全性评估证实，在雌性白化大鼠中，单次口服剂量高达5000 mg/kg时没有致死作用。在所有体内模型中，Et-SF以三种剂量（125、250和500 mg/kg）给药，氟比洛芬（FP）以单次剂量（10 mg/kg）给药。Et-SF能显著（p < 0.05）减轻角叉菜胶、组胺和5-羟色胺诱导的大鼠足爪水肿模型中的急性炎症，且呈时间依赖性。Et-SF可减轻弗氏完全佐剂（CFA）诱导的关节炎大鼠足爪的水肿，恢复血液学参数，并减少严重的血管翳形成、炎症细胞浸润和纤维组织增生。此外，单独使用百里香酚、法尼醇和正十六烷酸以及联合使用这些物质进行治疗，也能减轻关节炎大鼠的关节炎进展，表明这些化合物对Et-SF的抗关节炎潜力有影响。Et-SF和FP能显著（p < 0.05）下调关节炎大鼠中白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、核因子-κB（NF-κB）和环氧化酶-2（COX-2）的mRNA表达，并上调白细胞介素-4（IL-4）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）的mRNA表达。热板法和醋酸诱导的扭体模型结果表明，Et-SF在小鼠模型中具有镇痛作用。本研究表明，翅碱蓬乙醇提取物可能调节与伤害感受、炎症和关节炎疾病相关的炎症标志物的表达。其植物化学物质可在细胞和亚细胞水平上针对这些病症的多个阶段发挥作用。需要进一步研究来证实这一假设。
