Ravi Suvi, Kankaanpää Anna, Bogl Leonie H, Heikkinen Aino, Pietiläinen Kirsi H, Kaprio Jaakko, Ollikainen Miina, Sillanpää Elina
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
Clin Nutr. 2025 Feb;45:10-21. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.12.018. Epub 2024 Dec 19.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Suboptimal diets increase morbidity and mortality risk. Epigenetic clocks are algorithms that can assess health and lifespan, even at a young age, before clinical manifestations of diseases. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and biological aging in young adult twins.
The data were drawn from the population-based FinnTwin12 study and consisted of twins aged 21-25 years (n = 826). Food and beverage intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Biological aging was estimated using the epigenetic clocks GrimAge and DunedinPACE. Latent class analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. The association between dietary patterns and biological aging was assessed using linear regression modeling at the individual level, followed by within-twin pair analyses to account for genetic liabilities and shared familial confounders.
Six dietary patterns were identified: 1) High fast food, low fruits and vegetables (F&V), 2) Plant-based, 3) Health-conscious, 4) Western with infrequent fish, 5) Western with regular fish, and 6) Balanced average. At the individual level, GrimAge acceleration was slower in the Plant-based, Health-conscious, and Balanced-average patterns compared to the High fast food, low F&V, and faster in the Western with infrequent fish pattern compared to the Balanced average, regardless of sex, nonalcoholic energy intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption. After further adjustment for BMI and sports participation, the strengths of the associations modestly decreased; however, the difference between the Balanced-average and High fast food, low F&V patterns remained significant. The pace of aging (DunedinPACE) was slower in the Plant-based pattern compared to the High fast food, low F&V and the Western with infrequent fish patterns after adjustment for sex, nonalcoholic energy intake, smoking, and alcohol. The effect sizes were attenuated and reached a non-significant level when BMI and sports participation were added to the model. Most of the associations were replicated in the within-pair analyses among all twin pairs and among dizygotic twin pairs, but the effect sizes tended to be smaller among monozygotic twin pairs. This suggests that genetics, but not a shared environment, may partially explain the observed associations between diet and biological aging.
Diets high in fast food, processed red meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages and low in fruits and vegetables are associated with accelerated biological aging in young adulthood. The clustering effect of lifestyle factors and genetic confounders should be considered when interpreting the findings.
不良饮食会增加发病和死亡风险。表观遗传时钟是一种算法，即使在年轻时，在疾病临床表现出现之前，也能够评估健康状况和寿命。我们研究了年轻成年双胞胎的饮食模式与生物衰老之间的关联。
数据取自基于人群的芬兰双胞胎12研究，包括21至25岁的双胞胎（n = 826）。使用食物频率问卷评估食物和饮料摄入量。使用表观遗传时钟GrimAge和达尼丁PACE估计生物衰老。采用潜在类别分析来识别饮食模式。在个体水平上，使用线性回归模型评估饮食模式与生物衰老之间的关联，随后进行双胞胎配对分析，以考虑遗传因素和共同的家族混杂因素。
识别出六种饮食模式：1）高快餐、低水果和蔬菜（F&V），2）植物性，3）注重健康型，4）很少吃鱼的西方型，5）经常吃鱼的西方型，6）均衡平均型。在个体水平上，无论性别、非酒精能量摄入、吸烟和饮酒情况如何，植物性、注重健康型和均衡平均型饮食模式下的GrimAge加速比高快餐、低F&V型慢；很少吃鱼的西方型饮食模式下的GrimAge加速比均衡平均型快。在进一步调整体重指数（BMI）和体育活动参与情况后，关联强度略有下降；然而，均衡平均型与高快餐、低F&V型之间的差异仍然显著。在调整性别、非酒精能量摄入、吸烟和饮酒情况后，植物性饮食模式下的衰老速度（达尼丁PACE）比高快餐、低F&V型和很少吃鱼的西方型慢。当将BMI和体育活动参与情况纳入模型时，效应大小减弱并达到非显著水平。大多数关联在所有双胞胎对和异卵双胞胎对的配对分析中得到重复，但在同卵双胞胎对中的效应大小往往较小。这表明遗传因素而非共同环境可能部分解释了观察到的饮食与生物衰老之间的关联。
富含快餐、加工红肉和含糖饮料且水果和蔬菜含量低的饮食与年轻成年人生物衰老加速有关。在解释研究结果时应考虑生活方式因素和遗传混杂因素的聚集效应。
