Unveiling the impact of polystyrene and low-density polyethylene microplastics on arsenic toxicity in earthworms.

The high global production combined with low recycling rates of polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) contributes to the abundance of these commonly used plastics in soil, including as microplastics (MPs). However, the combined effects of MPs and heavy metals, such as arsenic (As) on earthworms are poorly understood. Here, we show that neither PS nor LDPE altered the effects of As on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. As stress, both alone and in combination with the MPs, induced DNA damage in coelomocytes. In As-exposed earthworms, PS and LDPE increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species while the activities of the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were significantly lower under combined PS/LDPE + As exposure than under As exposure alone. As stress alone reduced cocoon production and the mRNA level of the reproduction-related gene ANN whereas As combined with PS/LDPE reduced the mRNA levels of CYP450, an enzyme involved in detoxification. Integrated biomarker response analysis revealed that PS/LDPE did not significantly impact the overall ecotoxicological effects of As exposure on earthworms. This study provides important insights into the potential ecological risks of MPs in heavy-metal-contaminated soil.