Millet Grégoire P, Raberin Antoine, Faiss Raphael, Giovanelli Nicola, Galindo Thierry, Place Nicolas, Sandbakk Øyvind
Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024 Dec 28;20(2):246-255. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0354. Print 2025 Feb 1.
Women have generally lower body size and lean- to fat-mass ratio, lower maximal anaerobic power due to a lower muscle mass, and fewer fast-twitch fibers, although they can show higher resistance to fatigue or greater metabolic flexibility than men. These factors are well known and explain the sex differences in endurance sports such as distance running (10%-12%). Several of these factors-particularly the differences in body composition and skeletal-muscle characteristics-may directly impact vertical displacement and uphill performance. However, there is a lack of sex-difference reports in sports with uphill locomotion.
The sex differences in world-level endurance performance over 10 years (2013-2022) in 6 different sports with uphill displacement (speed climbing, vertical race in ski mountaineering, vertical kilometer in mountain running, cycling, cross-country skiing, and ultratrail running) were calculated.
The sex differences are generally larger (18%-22%) than in endurance sports performed primarily on flat terrains. This may be due to the lower lean- to fat-mass ratio commonly reported in women. In shorter uphill events (eg, sport climbing, vertical kilometer, and short climb in cycling), the sex differences appear even more pronounced (28%-35%), potentially being explained by additional factors (eg, anaerobic capacity, muscle composition, and upper-body contribution).
This novel analysis over 10 years of elite endurance performance in different sports with uphill displacement shows that the sex differences are generally larger (18%-22%) than in endurance sports performed primarily on flat terrains.
女性的体型和瘦体重与脂肪量之比通常较低，由于肌肉量较少，其最大无氧功率较低，快肌纤维也较少，不过与男性相比，她们可能表现出更高的抗疲劳能力或更大的代谢灵活性。这些因素是众所周知的，也解释了诸如长跑等耐力运动中的性别差异（10%-12%）。其中一些因素，特别是身体成分和骨骼肌特征的差异，可能直接影响垂直位移和上坡表现。然而，在上坡运动的体育项目中，缺乏性别差异的报告。
计算了10年（2013-2022年）间6种不同上坡位移运动（速度攀岩、滑雪登山垂直赛、山地跑垂直千米赛、自行车、越野滑雪和超级越野跑）在世界水平耐力表现上的性别差异。
性别差异通常比主要在平坦地形上进行的耐力运动更大（18%-22%）。这可能是由于女性通常报道的较低的瘦体重与脂肪量之比。在上坡距离较短的项目中（如速度攀岩、垂直千米赛和自行车短距离爬坡赛），性别差异更为明显（28%-35%），这可能由其他因素（如无氧能力、肌肉组成和上身贡献）来解释。
这项对10年间不同上坡位移运动项目中精英耐力表现的新分析表明，性别差异通常比主要在平坦地形上进行的耐力运动更大（18%-22%）。
