McPhail Jonathan, Cross Matt R, Spörri Jörg, Linnamo Vesa
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024 Dec 28;20(2):301-308. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0127. Print 2025 Feb 1.
To investigate the physiological characteristics of freestyle snowboard and freeski athletes and explore potential differences between males and females.
National-team athletes, snowboard (9 males, 21 [2.3] y; 8 females, 20 [4.1] y) and freeski (10 males, 21 [2.1] y; 8 females, 18 [2.2] y), underwent physiological assessments: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max; indirect), countermovement-jump height, drop-jump (DJ) height, DJ contact time, reactive strength index, absolute peak force (PFabs), and relative peak force. Differences were analyzed using multivariate analyses of variance Wilks lambda (Λ) and magnitude with partial-eta squared (ηp2). Pairwise comparisons and the impact of sex and sport were analyzed with univariate tests, utilizing Cohen d.
No physiological differences were found between snowboard and freeski (Wilks Λ = 0.8, P > .251, ηp2 = .169). Sex differences were observed (Wilks Λ = 0.2, P < .001, ηp2=.79), without an interaction between sex and sport (Λ = 0.8, P > .449, ηp2=.120). For snowboard, sex differences included V˙O2max (P < .001, d = 1.04), countermovement-jump height (P < .001, d = 2.5), DJ height (P < .001, d = 1.45), DJ contact time (P < .001, d = 0.36), reactive strength index (P < .001, d = 1.36), front-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.77), rear-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.36), front-limb relative PF (P < .003, d = 0.88), and rear-limb relative PF (P < .021, d = 0.65). In freeski, differences included V˙O2max (P = .005, d = 0.81), countermovement-jump height (P < .001, d = 1.3), DJ height (P < .001, d = 1.17), DJ contact time (P < .040, d = 0.54), reactive strength index (P < .001, d = 1.0), left-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 2.2), right-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.88), left-limb relative PF (P < .001, d = 1.1), and right-limb relative PF (P < .001, d = 1.33).
Differences between the sexes, rather than between sports, explained the largest variance. A broad concurrent training approach with the aim of developing resilient athletes is likely warranted while acknowledging and adapting to individual needs.
研究自由式单板滑雪和自由式滑雪运动员的生理特征，并探讨男女运动员之间的潜在差异。
国家队运动员，包括单板滑雪运动员（9名男性，21[2.3]岁；8名女性，20[4.1]岁）和自由式滑雪运动员（10名男性，21[2.1]岁；8名女性，18[2.2]岁），接受了生理评估：最大摄氧量（V˙O2max；间接测量）、纵跳高度、跳深（DJ）高度、DJ接触时间、反应力量指数、绝对峰值力量（PFabs）和相对峰值力量。使用多变量方差分析的威尔克斯lambda（Λ）和偏 eta 平方（ηp2）大小进行差异分析。使用单变量检验（利用科恩d值）分析成对比较以及性别和运动项目的影响。
单板滑雪和自由式滑雪之间未发现生理差异（威尔克斯Λ = 0.8，P >.251，ηp2 =.169）。观察到性别差异（威尔克斯Λ = 0.2，P <.001，ηp2 =.79），性别和运动项目之间没有交互作用（Λ = 0.8，P >.449，ηp2 =.120）。对于单板滑雪，性别差异包括最大摄氧量（P <.001，d = 1.04）、纵跳高度（P <.001，d = 2.5）、DJ高度（P <.001，d = 1.45）、DJ接触时间（P <.001，d = 0.36）、反应力量指数（P <.001，d = 1.36）、前肢PFabs（P <.001，d = 1.77）、后肢PFabs（P <.001，d = 1.36）、前肢相对PF（P <.003，d = 0.88）和后肢相对PF（P <.021，d = 0.65）。在自由式滑雪中，差异包括最大摄氧量（P =.005，d = 0.81）、纵跳高度（P <.001，d = 1.3）、DJ高度（P <.001，d = 1.17）、DJ接触时间（P <.040，d = 0.54）、反应力量指数（P <.001，d = 1.0）、左肢PFabs（P <.001，d = 2.2）、右肢PFabs（P <.001，d = 1.88）、左肢相对PF（P <.001，d = 1.1）和右肢相对PF（P <.001，d = 1.33）。
性别差异而非运动项目差异解释了最大的方差。在承认并适应个体需求的同时，采用广泛的综合训练方法以培养有适应能力的运动员可能是必要的。
