Incidence, Prediction, and Prevention of Fractures After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review Protocol.

BACKGROUND

Kidney transplant recipients are uniquely exposed to the disordered bone metabolism associated with chronic kidney disease beginning before transplantation followed by chronic corticosteroid use after transplantation. Previous efforts to synthesize the rapidly accruing evidence regarding estimation and management of fracture risk in kidney transplant recipients are outdated and incomplete.

OBJECTIVE

To synthesize the evidence informing the overall incidence, patient-specific risk prediction, and methods of prevention of fractures in patient living with a kidney transplant.

DESIGN

Three systematic reviews will address the following questions: What is the overall incidence of skeletal fracture after kidney transplantation (review 1)? Which prediction models and individual prognostic factors predict fracture in kidney transplant recipients (review 2)? and How effective are different antifracture interventions at preventing fracture or improving surrogate markers of bone health in kidney transplant recipients (review 3)?

SETTING

Cohort studies (reviews 1 and 2) and randomized trials (review 2) with a mean/median follow-up ≥12 months beginning after transplant. Review 3: randomized trials or new-user cohort studies with concurrent controls evaluating the effect of antifracture interventions including bisphosphonates, calcium supplementation, cinacalcet, denosumab, parathyroid hormone analogues, parathyroidectomy, raloxifene, romosozumab, steroid withdrawal or minimization protocols after kidney transplant, vitamin D (both active and nutritional), other antifracture interventions.

PATIENTS

Adult kidney transplant recipients in studies published after the year 2000.

MEASUREMENTS

Review 1: incidence rate or cumulative risk of fracture. Review 2: For prediction models, measures of discrimination (eg, c-statistic), calibration (calibration curves, observed:expected ratios), and net benefit (ie, from decision curve analysis); for individual prognostic factors, relative measures of association with fractures. Review 3: measures of treatment effect on fractures and on surrogate markers of bone health (eg, bone mineral density, trabecular bone score).

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using subject headings and keywords related to kidney transplant and fractures. Pairs of reviewers will screen records independently in duplicate to identify studies relevant to one or more of the 3 reviews and categorize each study accordingly. Single reviewers will extract data and evaluate risk of bias for each included study using one of the following tools as appropriate: the Quality of Prognostic Studies tool, the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment tool, the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions tool, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. A second reviewer will independently verify. We will synthesize study-level summary estimates by random-effects meta-analysis for review 1, by vote counting and random-effects meta-analysis in review 2, and by random effects pairwise and, if feasible, network meta-analysis in review 3. We will summarize findings according to latest guidance of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Working Group applicable to each review.

LIMITATIONS

Reliance on published studies is susceptible to publication bias, particularly in studies of prediction (review 2) and of treatment effects (review 3).

CONCLUSIONS

This review will provide an evidence update on 3 topics of relevance to patients, clinicians, guideline developers, and researchers.