Ebrahimi Farbod, Kumari Anjali, Ghadami Samaneh, Al Abdullah Saqer, Dellinger Kristen
Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 E Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA.
Adv Biol (Weinh). 2024 Dec 31:e2400623. doi: 10.1002/adbi.202400623.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising tools in diagnostics and therapy for chronic diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer's. Small EVs, also called exosomes, are lipid-bound particles (≈30-150 nm) that play a role in healthy and pathophysiological interactions, including intercellular communication, by transporting bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their ability to cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, makes them ideal candidates for targeted therapeutic interventions. In the context of chronic diseases, exosomes can be engineered to deliver active agents, including small molecules and siRNAs to specific target cells, providing a novel approach to precision medicine. Moreover, exosomes show great promise as repositories for diagnostic biomarkers. Their cargo can reflect the physiological and pathological status of the parent cells, making them valuable indicators of disease progression and response to treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the application of exosomes in four chronic diseases: cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and orthopedic disease, which significantly impact global public health due to their high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, the potential of exosomes as valuable tools for theranostics and disease management is highlighted. Finally, the challenges associated with exosomes and their demonstrated potential for advancing future nanomedicine applications are discussed.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）已成为诊断和治疗包括癌症和阿尔茨海默病在内的慢性疾病的有前景的工具。小细胞外囊泡，也称为外泌体，是脂质结合颗粒（约30 - 150纳米），通过运输包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸在内的生物活性分子，在健康和病理生理相互作用（包括细胞间通讯）中发挥作用。它们穿越生物屏障（如血脑屏障）的能力使其成为靶向治疗干预的理想候选者。在慢性疾病的背景下，外泌体可以被设计用于将包括小分子和小干扰RNA在内的活性剂递送至特定靶细胞，为精准医学提供了一种新方法。此外，外泌体作为诊断生物标志物的储存库显示出巨大潜力。它们的货物可以反映亲代细胞的生理和病理状态，使其成为疾病进展和治疗反应的有价值指标。本文全面综述了外泌体在四种慢性疾病（癌症、心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病和骨科疾病）中的应用，这些疾病因其高患病率以及相关的发病率和死亡率对全球公共卫生产生重大影响。此外，还强调了外泌体作为治疗诊断和疾病管理的有价值工具的潜力。最后，讨论了与外泌体相关的挑战以及它们在推进未来纳米医学应用方面已证明的潜力。
