Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina, A&T State University, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA.
Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, 2904 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA.
Adv Biol (Weinh). 2024 Apr;8(4):e2300532. doi: 10.1002/adbi.202300532. Epub 2024 Jan 22.
Breast cancer accounts for the highest cancer cases globally, with 12% of occurrences progressing to metastatic breast cancer with a low survival rate and limited effective early intervention strategies augmented by late diagnosis. Moreover, a low concentration of prognostic and predictive markers hinders disease monitoring. Circulating and exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently shown a considerable interplay in breast cancer, standing out as effective diagnostic and prognostic markers. The primary functions are as gene regulatory agents at the genetic and epigenetic levels. An array of dysregulated miRNAs stimulates cancer-promoting mechanisms, activating oncogenes and controlling tumor-suppressing genes and mechanisms. Exosomes are vastly studied extracellular vesicles, carrying, and transporting cargo, including noncoding RNAs with premier roles in oncogenesis. Translocation of miRNAs from the circulation to exosomes, with RNA-binding proteins in stress-induced conditions, has shown significant cooperation in function to promote breast cancer. This review examines cellular and exosomal miRNA biogenesis and loading, the clinical implications of their dysregulation, their function in diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of breast cancer, and in regulating cancer signaling pathways. The influence of cellular and exosomal miRNAs presents clinical significance on breast cancer diagnosis, subtyping, staging, prediction, and disease monitoring during treatment, hence a potent marker for breast cancer.
乳腺癌是全球发病率最高的癌症，其中 12%的病例进展为转移性乳腺癌，存活率低，且早期诊断时有效的干预策略有限。此外，由于预后和预测标志物的浓度较低，疾病监测受到阻碍。循环和外泌体 microRNAs（miRNAs）最近在乳腺癌中表现出相当大的相互作用，成为有效的诊断和预后标志物。其主要功能是作为遗传和表观遗传水平的基因调控因子。一系列失调的 miRNAs 刺激促进癌症的机制，激活癌基因并控制肿瘤抑制基因和机制。外泌体是广泛研究的细胞外囊泡，携带和转运 cargo，包括在致癌作用中起主要作用的非编码 RNA。在应激诱导条件下，miRNA 从循环转移到外泌体，并与 RNA 结合蛋白合作，在功能上具有显著的协同作用，促进乳腺癌的发生。这篇综述检查了细胞和外泌体 miRNA 的生物发生和加载，其失调的临床意义，它们在乳腺癌诊断、预后和预测中的功能，以及在调节癌症信号通路中的功能。细胞和外泌体 miRNAs 的影响在乳腺癌的诊断、亚型、分期、预测和治疗期间的疾病监测方面具有临床意义，因此是乳腺癌的一个有力标志物。
