The ignored structure in female fertility: cilia in the fallopian tubes.

Cilia in the fallopian tubes (CFT) play an important role in female infertility, but have not been explored comprehensively. This review reveals the detection techniques for CFT function and morphology, and the related analysis of female infertility and other gynaecological disorders. CFT differentiate from progenitor cells, and develop into primary cilia and motile cilia. Primary cilia coordinate multiple signalling pathways, and motile cilia produce laminar flow through bidirectional intraflagellar transport, which drives the movement of oocytes and gametes. Several methods for quantitative detection and protein analysis have been used to explore the factors contributing to the decrease in ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and the cellular mechanism of ciliary cell death and shedding. In both primary and secondary ciliary disorders associated with reproductive diseases, abnormal alterations in ciliary quantity, ciliary structure, CBF and ciliary signalling pathways result in abnormal tubal laminar flow, and diminished oocyte retrieval and transport capabilities.