Mary P Monisha, Jacob Ankeeta Menona, Shetty Avinash K
Department of Community Medicine, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to Be University) Deralakatte, Mangalore, India.
Global Health, and Department Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
Womens Health (Lond). 2025 Jan-Dec;21:17455057241310633. doi: 10.1177/17455057241310633.
Empowerment is vital for individuals' control over their lives but is often constrained for women in India due to deep-rooted patriarchal norms. This affects health, and resource distribution, and increases domestic violence. Domestic violence including physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological abuse is a significant human rights and public health issue. Understanding the link between women's empowerment and attitudes toward physical violence is essential for addressing this problem.
To explore the relationship between various aspects of women's empowerment and their attitudes toward the justification of physical violence in specific circumstances. The study aimed to provide insights into how empowerment can serve as a protective factor against domestic violence.
A cross-sectional study was conducted using the data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), collected from 2019 to 2021. The study was carried out between July 2023 and March 2024.
Data from NFHS-5, focusing on women aged 15-49 who completed the domestic violence module, were analyzed. Women's empowerment was measured through employment, asset ownership, and decision-making autonomy. The study assessed 8 indicators of employment, 12 of asset ownership, 9 of decision-making, 5 justifying physical violence, and 11 indicators of physical abuse. Frequencies, percentages, Fischer's exact test, and logistic regression were used, with significance set at < 0.05.
Of 4562 women, 23 (0.7%) were employed, 3397 (74.5%) owned mobile phones, and 744 (21.9%) used them for transactions. Joint financial decisions were made by 2692 (75.2%) couples. Restrictions on meeting friends were reported by 376 (10.1%), and 431 (11.6%) had trust issues with partners. Physical violence was justified by 934 (20.5%) for neglecting children, and 3365 (90.4%) experienced partner violence. Land ownership was reported by 383 (8.4%) women. Empowered women were less likely to justify or experience violence, with mobile phone use and decision-making autonomy linked to reduced violence.
Women's empowerment through employment, asset ownership, and decision-making is associated with reduced justification and prevalence of physical violence. Despite progress, entrenched societal norms persist. Interventions should focus on economic and social empowerment, addressing cultural attitudes and promoting gender equality.
赋权对于个人掌控自己的生活至关重要，但由于印度根深蒂固的父权制规范，女性的赋权往往受到限制。这影响了健康和资源分配，并增加了家庭暴力。包括身体、性、情感、经济和心理虐待在内的家庭暴力是一个重大的人权和公共卫生问题。了解女性赋权与对身体暴力态度之间的联系对于解决这一问题至关重要。
探讨女性赋权的各个方面与其在特定情况下对身体暴力正当性的态度之间的关系。该研究旨在深入了解赋权如何作为预防家庭暴力的保护因素。
采用2019年至2021年收集的全国家庭健康调查-5（NFHS-5）的数据进行横断面研究。该研究于2023年7月至2024年3月进行。
分析了NFHS-5中聚焦于完成家庭暴力模块的15至49岁女性的数据。通过就业、资产所有权和决策自主权来衡量女性赋权。该研究评估了8项就业指标、12项资产所有权指标、9项决策指标、5项对身体暴力正当性的指标以及11项身体虐待指标。使用了频率、百分比、费舍尔精确检验和逻辑回归，显著性设定为<0.05。
在4562名女性中，23人（0.7%）就业；3397人（74.5%）拥有手机，其中744人（21.9%）用手机进行交易。2692对夫妻（75.2%）共同做出财务决策。376人（10.1%）报告在会见朋友方面受到限制，431人（11.6%）与伴侣存在信任问题。934人（20.5%）认为因忽视孩子而实施身体暴力是正当的，3365人（90.4%）遭受过伴侣暴力。383名女性（8.4%）报告拥有土地所有权。赋权女性为暴力行为辩解或遭受暴力的可能性较小，使用手机和决策自主权与暴力减少有关。
通过就业、资产所有权和决策实现的女性赋权与身体暴力正当性的降低及发生率的降低相关。尽管取得了进展，但根深蒂固的社会规范依然存在。干预措施应侧重于经济和社会赋权，解决文化态度问题并促进性别平等。
