Derichsweiler Christina, Herbertz Svenja, Kruss Sebastian
Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.
Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
Small. 2025 Feb;21(8):e2409042. doi: 10.1002/smll.202409042. Epub 2025 Jan 2.
Sepsis is a global health challenge, characterized by a dysregulated immune response, leading to organ dysfunction and death. Despite advances in medical care, sepsis continues to claim a significant toll on human lives, with mortality rates from 10-25% for sepsis and 30-50% for septic shock, making it a leading cause of death worldwide. Current diagnostic methods rely on clinical signs, laboratory parameters, or microbial cultures and suffer from delays and inaccuracies. Therefore, there is a pressing need for novel diagnostic tools that can rapidly and accurately identify sepsis. This review highlights advances in biosensor development that could ultimately lead to faster and more accurate sepsis diagnostics. The focus is on nanomaterial-based optical approaches that promise rapid diagnostics without the need for large equipment or trained personnel. An overview of sepsis is provided, highlighting potential molecular targets and the challenges they present for assay development. The requirements for an ideal point-of-care test (POC) are discussed, including speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. Different nanomaterials suitable for various optical detection methods are reviewed and innovative nanosensors are discussed for sepsis diagnostics, focusing on chemical design and approaches to increase selectivity by multiplexing.
脓毒症是一项全球性的健康挑战，其特征是免疫反应失调，可导致器官功能障碍和死亡。尽管医疗护理取得了进展，但脓毒症仍然给人类生命造成巨大损失，脓毒症的死亡率为10%-25%，感染性休克的死亡率为30%-50%，使其成为全球主要的死亡原因。目前的诊断方法依赖于临床体征、实验室参数或微生物培养，存在延迟和不准确的问题。因此，迫切需要能够快速、准确地识别脓毒症的新型诊断工具。本综述重点介绍了生物传感器开发方面的进展，这些进展最终可能实现更快、更准确的脓毒症诊断。重点是基于纳米材料的光学方法，有望实现无需大型设备或专业人员的快速诊断。本文提供了脓毒症概述，强调了潜在的分子靶点及其在检测方法开发中面临的挑战。讨论了理想的即时检测（POC）的要求，包括速度、简便性和成本效益。综述了适用于各种光学检测方法的不同纳米材料，并讨论了用于脓毒症诊断的创新纳米传感器，重点是化学设计和通过多重检测提高选择性的方法。
