Kukharets Savelii, Zabrodskyi Andrii, Sheludchenko Bohdan, Jasinskas Algirdas, Domeika Rolandas, Šarauskis Egidijus
Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentų Str. 15, Akademija, Kaunas, LT-53362, Lithuania.
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentų Str. 15A, Akademija, Kaunas, LT-53362, Lithuania.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 2;15(1):172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84102-y.
Soil compaction by agricultural machinery in general by and tractors in particular is an important problem in modern agricultural production. Such compaction destroys the soil structure, creates unfavorable physical parameters of the soil, and as a result, reduces crop yields. Therefore, it is important to clearly establish how the tractor wheels affect the soil. The experiments were conducted on the sandy loam soil by using CLAAS Xerion 5000 tractor with TRELLEBORG IF 900/60 R42 tires with internal pressures varying from 0.08 to 0.24 MPa in 0.04 MPa increments. To determine the stress propagation a developed simulation model was adapted to the parameters of the tractor in use. The iterative method was used for the numerical determination of the soil stress state. The impact of soil compaction starting from a 40 cm depth is not noticeable following the tractor's pass. In fact, from a depth of 40 cm, the normal stresses reach equilibration according to the developed mathematical model. From a depth of 20 cm, the soil compaction pattern is similar for all tire widths tested. Tires with a width up to 10 cm, 0.92 m wide tires compact the soil 25.4% less on average than tires with a width up 0.872 m wide tires. To the depth of 20 cm, tires with a width up the 0.92 m wide tires compact the soil 18.9% less on average than the tires with a width up 0.872 m, and to a depth of 30 cm - only 5.1% less. The tractor with a working tire width of 0.92 m and an axle load of 119.5 kN generate contact stresses on the field surface of up to 150 kPa, which is a permissible load for soil structure safety. Thus, the suggested simulation model of the soil stress state is suitable for use, and studies and modeling advance the idea that using wider tires results in a more equitable distribution of loads. The proposed model for analyzing stress propagation in soil enables to estimate the potential adverse impacts of wheeled or tracked agricultural machinery on soil structure by assessing stress levels that may disrupt or damage soil integrity, with the stresses varying according to the specific physical and chemical properties of each soil type.
一般来说，农业机械尤其是拖拉机造成的土壤压实是现代农业生产中的一个重要问题。这种压实破坏了土壤结构，产生了不利的土壤物理参数，结果导致作物产量下降。因此，明确拖拉机车轮如何影响土壤非常重要。实验在砂壤土上进行，使用的是CLAAS Xerion 5000拖拉机，配备特瑞堡IF 900/60 R42轮胎，内部压力从0.08兆帕到0.24兆帕，以0.04兆帕的增量变化。为了确定应力传播，一个开发的模拟模型被调整以适应所使用拖拉机的参数。采用迭代法对土壤应力状态进行数值测定。拖拉机驶过之后，从40厘米深度开始，土壤压实的影响并不明显。事实上，根据所建立的数学模型，从40厘米深度起，法向应力达到平衡。从20厘米深度起，所有测试轮胎宽度的土壤压实模式相似。宽度达10厘米的轮胎、0.92米宽的轮胎平均比宽度达0.872米的轮胎压实土壤少25.4%。到20厘米深度时，宽度达0.92米的轮胎平均比宽度达0.872米的轮胎压实土壤少18.9%，到30厘米深度时，仅少5.1%。工作轮胎宽度为0.92米且轴载为119.5千牛的拖拉机在田间表面产生的接触应力高达150千帕，这是土壤结构安全的允许载荷。因此，所建议的土壤应力状态模拟模型适用，研究和建模推进了使用更宽轮胎会使载荷分布更均匀的观点。所提出的分析土壤中应力传播的模型能够通过评估可能破坏或损害土壤完整性的应力水平，来估计轮式或履带式农业机械对土壤结构的潜在不利影响，应力会根据每种土壤类型的具体物理和化学性质而变化。
