Rahlf Cade R, Tarakanova Vera L
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Virology. 2025 Feb;603:110386. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110386. Epub 2024 Dec 30.
Decades of research have defined the function of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in the antiviral immune response. Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is the founding member of the IRF family, with recognized antiviral effects across diverse virus infections. While most antiviral activities of IRF-1 were defined in vitro, fewer studies examined the role of IRF-1 during viral infection of an intact host. Taking advantage of mouse models of global or cell type-specific IRF-1 deficiency, recent studies demonstrate intriguing virus- and cell type-specific functions of IRF-1 during in vivo infection, underlining the complexity of this ancient transcription factor. Here, we review the role of IRF-1 during acute and chronic viral infections of an intact host, with particular focus on relating observations found in mouse models to those observed in a recent study of pediatric patients with IRF-1 insufficiency. By appreciating the complexity of IRF-1 in the immune response, we highlight several virus- and cell type-specific functions of IRF-1 in contributing to host antiviral immunity.
数十年的研究已明确了干扰素调节因子（IRFs）在抗病毒免疫反应中的功能。干扰素调节因子1（IRF-1）是IRF家族的创始成员，在多种病毒感染中具有公认的抗病毒作用。虽然IRF-1的大多数抗病毒活性是在体外确定的，但较少有研究探讨IRF-1在完整宿主病毒感染过程中的作用。利用全球或细胞类型特异性IRF-1缺陷的小鼠模型，最近的研究证明了IRF-1在体内感染期间具有有趣的病毒和细胞类型特异性功能，突显了这种古老转录因子的复杂性。在此，我们综述了IRF-1在完整宿主急性和慢性病毒感染过程中的作用，特别关注将在小鼠模型中发现的观察结果与最近一项关于IRF-1功能不全的儿科患者研究中观察到的结果相关联。通过认识到IRF-1在免疫反应中的复杂性，我们强调了IRF-1在促进宿主抗病毒免疫方面的几种病毒和细胞类型特异性功能。
