Sangubotla Roopkumar, Gubbiyappa Kumar Shiva, Devarapogu Rajakumari, Kim Jongsung
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam Daero, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rudraram, Patencheru, Sangareddy Dist, 502329, Telangana, India.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2025 Mar;1871(3):167653. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167653. Epub 2025 Jan 3.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant subtype of glioma, originating from the glial cells that provide support to other neurons in the brain. GBM predominantly impacts the cerebral hemisphere of the brain, with minimal effects on the cerebellum, brain stem, or spinal cord. Individuals diagnosed with GBM commonly encounter a range of symptoms, starting from auditory abnormalities to seizures. Recently, cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles (CMCNPs) are evolving as promising theranostic agents that can carry specific biological moieties from their biological origin and effectively target GBM cells. Moreover, exosomes have gained widespread scientific attention as an effective drug delivery approach due to their excellent stability in the bloodstream, high biocompatibility, low immune response, and inherent targeting capabilities. Exosomes derived from specific cell types can transport endogenous signaling molecules that have therapeutic promise for GBM therapy. In this context, researchers are utilizing various techniques to isolate exosomes from liquid biomarkers from patients, such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Proper isolation of exosomes may induce the clinical diagnosis in GBM due to their commercial accessibility and real-time monitoring options. Since exosomes are unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), strategic theranostic methods are ideal. For this, understanding interactions between glioma-specific exosomes in the TME and biomarkers is necessary. The versatile characteristics of NPs and their capacity to cross the BBB enable them to be indispensable against GBM. In this review article, we discussed the recent theranostic applications of nanotechnology by comparing the limitations of existing nanotechnology-based approaches.
多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是一种高度恶性的胶质瘤亚型，起源于为大脑中其他神经元提供支持的神经胶质细胞。GBM主要影响大脑的脑半球，对小脑、脑干或脊髓的影响极小。被诊断出患有GBM的个体通常会出现一系列症状，从听觉异常到癫痫发作。最近，细胞膜伪装纳米颗粒（CMCNPs）正在成为有前景的治疗诊断剂，它们可以携带来自其生物来源的特定生物部分，并有效靶向GBM细胞。此外，外泌体作为一种有效的药物递送方法受到了广泛的科学关注，因为它们在血液中具有出色的稳定性、高生物相容性、低免疫反应和内在的靶向能力。源自特定细胞类型的外泌体可以运输对GBM治疗有治疗前景的内源性信号分子。在这种背景下，研究人员正在利用各种技术从患者的液体生物标志物（如血清和脑脊液（CSF））中分离外泌体。由于外泌体具有商业可及性和实时监测选项，正确分离外泌体可能会促进GBM的临床诊断。由于外泌体无法穿透血脑屏障（BBB），战略性的治疗诊断方法是理想的。为此，了解肿瘤微环境（TME）中胶质瘤特异性外泌体与生物标志物之间的相互作用是必要的。纳米颗粒的多功能特性及其穿越血脑屏障的能力使它们在对抗GBM方面不可或缺。在这篇综述文章中，我们通过比较现有基于纳米技术的方法的局限性，讨论了纳米技术最近的治疗诊断应用。
