Tunnel wash water in a cold climate: characteristics, ecotoxicological risk, and effect of sedimentation.

The characterization of tunnel wash water (TWW) from 12 Norwegian tunnels showed very high concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) were mainly particle-associated. They are efficiently removed by sedimentation, while the dissolved concentrations of toxic metals like Cu, Zn, and As did not change. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration was higher in the dissolved than in the particulate fraction. Sedimentation treatment reduced the particulate share by about 50%. In contrast to metals, the dissolved fraction decreased by about 90% during sedimentation, most probably due to adsorption to particles that are subsequently removed during the process. The concentration levels of 8 out of 16 PAHs, Cu, Zn, and As resulted in a water quality classification of poor or very poor. Acute toxic effects could be expected after short-term exposition. After sedimentation, this was the case for only two PAHs because more harmful compounds with three to six rings were preferably removed. These may adsorb better to particles than PAHs with two rings. No change was observed for the metals. A closer evaluation of secondary treatments of TWW, including conventional technology and mobile solutions, is therefore recommended. Finally, indications for a seasonal pollution variation have been seen, mainly related to the use of salt as a de-icing agent in road maintenance.