Garven Ellen E, Kung Ethan, Stevens Randy M, Throckmorton Amy L
School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Rm. 718, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
Cardiovasc Eng Technol. 2025 Apr;16(2):202-210. doi: 10.1007/s13239-024-00767-6. Epub 2025 Jan 6.
Computational models of the cardiovascular system continue to increase in complexity. As more elements of the physiology are captured in multiscale models, there is a need to efficiently integrate subsystems. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a coupling methodology, called functional mock-up interface (FMI), as applied to multiscale cardiovascular modeling.
The multiscale model is composed of two subsystems: a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled to a lumped parameter model (LPM). The LPM is packaged using the FMI standard and imported into the CFD subsystem using an FMI co-simulation architecture. The functionality of an FMI coupling was demonstrated in a univentricular parallel circulation by means of compatible tools, including ANSYS CFX and Python. Predicted pressures and flows were evaluated in comparison with clinical data and a previously developed computational model.
The two models exchanged pressure and flow data between their boundaries at each timestep, demonstrating sufficient inter-subsystem communication. The models recreated pressures and flows from clinical measurements and a patient-specific model previously published.
FMI integrated with ANSYS CFX is an effective approach for interfacing cardiovascular multiscale models as demonstrated by the presented univentricular circulatory model. FMI offers a modular approach towards tool integration and is an advantageous strategy for modeling complex systems.
心血管系统的计算模型复杂度持续增加。随着多尺度模型中纳入越来越多的生理要素，有必要高效整合子系统。本研究的目的是证明一种名为功能样机接口（FMI）的耦合方法应用于多尺度心血管建模的有效性。
多尺度模型由两个子系统组成：一个计算流体动力学（CFD）模型与一个集总参数模型（LPM）耦合。LPM 使用 FMI 标准进行封装，并通过 FMI 联合仿真架构导入 CFD 子系统。借助包括 ANSYS CFX 和 Python 在内的兼容工具，在单心室并行循环中展示了 FMI 耦合的功能。将预测的压力和流量与临床数据及先前开发的计算模型进行比较评估。
两个模型在每个时间步在其边界之间交换压力和流量数据，证明了足够的子系统间通信。这些模型再现了临床测量以及先前发表的特定患者模型中的压力和流量。
如所展示的单心室循环模型所示，与 ANSYS CFX 集成的 FMI 是连接心血管多尺度模型的有效方法。FMI 提供了一种模块化的工具集成方法，是建模复杂系统的有利策略。
