Vitiligo is a prevalent acquired depigmenting disease that is distinguished by the depletion of functional melanocytes and epidermal melanin. Despite significant advancements in comprehending vitiligo, the precise etiology and pathogenesis of the condition remain elusive. So far, the treatment of vitiligo is still one of the most difficult dermatological challenges. Thus, developing a better understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis to develop more effective treatments is very important. Vitiligo has long been acknowledged as an autoimmune disorder, and microbes serve as crucial regulators of the immune system, exerting influences on diverse autoimmune diseases. Numerous studies have revealed the involvement of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, in the progression of vitiligo. This review provides a concise overview of the correlation between microbes and vitiligo, while also elucidating the potential mechanisms by which microbes may influence the development of vitiligo. The ultimate objective is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the prospects for vitiligo treatment.