Systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of hypernatremia in adult hospitalized patients: impact on mortality, morbidity, and treatment-related side effects.

BACKGROUND

Hypernatremia is relatively common in acutely ill patients and associated with mortality. Guidelines recommend a slow rate of correction (≤ 0.5 mmol/L per hour). However, a faster correction rate may be safe and improve outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the impact of sodium correction rates on mortality and hospital length of stay and to assess types of hypernatremia treatment and treatment side effects.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines, searching Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases from inception to August 2024. Studies reporting sodium correction rates and clinical outcomes in hospitalized adults were included. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed mortality and hospital length of stay, with subgroup analyses exploring correction timing and severity. Treatment method and side effects were analyzed qualitatively.

RESULTS

We reviewed 4445 articles and included 12 studies. Faster correction rates (> 0.5 mmol/L/h) overall showed no significant change in mortality and a high level of heterogeneity (OR 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.38-1.24, I = 95 %). However, subgroup analyses found significantly lower mortality with faster correction of hypernatremia at the time of hospital admission (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.35-0.68, I = 2 %), with fast correction within the first 24 h of diagnosis (OR 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.31-0.73, I = 65 %), and for severe hypernatremia (OR 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.33-0.92, I = 79 %). There was no significant different in hospital length of stay by correction rate. No major neurological complications were reported when the correction rate was < 1 mmol/L/h.

CONCLUSION

Faster sodium correction appears safe and may benefit patients with severe admission-related hypernatremia, particularly within the first 24 h. Further studies are needed to refine correction protocols.