Classical and Modern Models for Biofilm Studies: A Comprehensive Review.

Biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to various abiotic and biotic surfaces, where organisms are encased in an exo-polysaccharide matrix. Organisms within biofilms use various mechanisms that help them resist external challenges, such as antibiotics, rendering them more resistant to drugs. Therefore, researchers have attempted to develop suitable laboratory models to study the physical features of biofilms, their resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, and their gene and protein expression profiles. However, current laboratory models suffer from various limitations. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the various designs that have been used for laboratory biofilm models, presenting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we have provided insight into improving these models to more closely simulate real-life scenarios, using newly developed techniques in additive manufacturing, synthetic biology, and bioengineering.