Prygiel Marta, Mosiej Ewa, Wdowiak Karol, Zasada Aleksandra Anna
National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
Biomedicines. 2024 Dec 23;12(12):2920. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12122920.
The discovery of microbial toxins as the primary factors responsible for disease manifestations and the discovery that these toxins could be neutralised by antitoxins are linked to the birth of immunology. In the late 19th century, the serum or plasma of animals or patients who had recovered from infectious diseases or who had been immunised with a relevant antigen began to be used to treat or prevent infections. Before the advent of widespread vaccination campaigns, antitoxins played a key role in the treatment and prevention of diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus. A significant reduction in mortality following the introduction of antitoxins confirmed their efficacy. Serum therapy remains an important measure for post-exposure prophylaxis and for the treatment of unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated patients. For the botulinum toxin, antitoxin therapy continues to be the sole available treatment. The manuscript contains a summary of the most important information on the passive immunoprophylaxis used in the treatment of diphtheria, tetanus, and botulism, all representing diseases in which symptoms are driven by the activity of highly potent bacterial toxins.
微生物毒素作为导致疾病表现的主要因素的发现，以及这些毒素可被抗毒素中和的发现，与免疫学的诞生息息相关。19世纪后期，从传染病中康复或用相关抗原免疫过的动物或患者的血清或血浆开始被用于治疗或预防感染。在广泛的疫苗接种运动出现之前，抗毒素在治疗和预防白喉和破伤风等疾病中发挥了关键作用。引入抗毒素后死亡率显著降低，证实了其有效性。血清疗法仍然是暴露后预防以及治疗未接种疫苗或未完全接种疫苗患者的重要措施。对于肉毒杆菌毒素，抗毒素疗法仍然是唯一可用的治疗方法。该手稿总结了用于治疗白喉、破伤风和肉毒中毒的被动免疫预防的最重要信息，所有这些疾病的症状都是由高效细菌毒素的活性驱动的。
