Velimirov Branko, Velimirov Branko Alexander
Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, Private Sigmund Freud University, Freudplatz 3, 1020 Wien, Austria.
Life (Basel). 2024 Dec 2;14(12):1584. doi: 10.3390/life14121584.
The attractiveness of OMVs derived from Gram-negative bacteria lies in the fact that they have two biomembranes sandwiching a peptidoglycan layer. It is well known that the envelope of OMVs consists of the outer bacterial membrane [OM] and not of the inner one [IM] of the source bacterium. This implies that all outer membranous molecules found in the OM act as antigens. However, under specific conditions, some of the inner membrane proteins can be exported into the outer membrane layer and perform as antigens. A key information was that the used purification procedures for OMVs, the induction methods to increase the production of OMVs as well as the specific mutant strains obtained via genetic engineering affect the composition of potential antigens on the surface and in the lumen of the OMVs. The available literature allowed us to list the major antigens that could be defined on OMVs. The functions of the antigens within the source bacterium are discussed for a better understanding of the various available hypotheses on the biogenesis of vesicle formation. Also, the impacts of OMV antigens on the immune system using animal models are assessed. Furthermore, information on the pathways of OMVs entering the host cell is presented. An example of a bacterial infection that causes epidemic diseases, namely via , is used to demonstrate that OMVs derived from this pathogen elicit protective immune responses when administered as a vaccine. Furthermore, information on OMV vaccines under development is presented. The assembled knowledge allowed us to formulate a number of reasons why OMVs are attractive as vaccine platforms, as their undesirable side effects remain small, and to provide an outlook on the potential use of OMVs as a vaccine platform.
源自革兰氏阴性菌的外膜囊泡（OMVs）的吸引力在于它们有两个生物膜夹着一层肽聚糖层。众所周知，OMVs的包膜由源细菌的外膜[OM]组成，而非内膜[IM]。这意味着在OM中发现的所有外膜分子都作为抗原起作用。然而，在特定条件下，一些内膜蛋白可以输出到外膜层并作为抗原发挥作用。一个关键信息是，用于OMVs的纯化程序、增加OMVs产量的诱导方法以及通过基因工程获得的特定突变菌株会影响OMVs表面和腔内潜在抗原的组成。现有文献使我们能够列出可以在OMVs上定义的主要抗原。讨论了源细菌内抗原的功能，以便更好地理解关于囊泡形成生物发生的各种现有假说。此外，还评估了使用动物模型时OMV抗原对免疫系统的影响。此外，还介绍了OMVs进入宿主细胞的途径。以一种导致流行病的细菌感染为例，即通过……，来证明源自这种病原体的OMVs作为疫苗给药时会引发保护性免疫反应。此外，还介绍了正在开发的OMV疫苗的信息。综合这些知识，我们能够阐述一些OMVs作为疫苗平台具有吸引力的原因，因为它们的不良副作用仍然很小，并对OMVs作为疫苗平台的潜在用途进行展望。
