Cardio-Renal Syndrome: Latest Developments in Device-Based Therapy.

Cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) is a complex condition involving bidirectional dysfunction of the heart and kidneys, in which the failure of one organ exacerbates failure in the other. Traditional pharmacologic treatments are often insufficient to manage the hemodynamic and neurohormonal abnormalities underlying CRS, especially in cases resistant to standard therapies. Device-based therapies have emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative approach, offering targeted intervention to relieve congestion, improve renal perfusion, and modulate hemodynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various device-based therapies in CRS management, utilizing DRI2P2S classification to categorize interventions as dilators, reducers, interstitial modulators, pullers, pushers, and shifters. A comprehensive analysis of clinical trial data and observational studies involving device-based therapies in patients with CRS was conducted, with a focus on hemodynamic endpoints, renal and cardiac function, symptom relief, and adverse events. Devices included in the analysis were splanchnic denervation systems (dilators), devices for central and pulmonary pressure reduction (reducers), and systems targeting interstitial fluid (fluid shifters), among others. A systematic literature review from 2004 to 2024 was performed using databases including PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov, following PRISMA guidelines for study selection. Data were extracted on patient demographics, device type, trial design, outcomes, and follow-up duration. Device-based therapies demonstrated varying levels of efficacy in CRS, with significant improvements observed in specific parameters. Notable results were a reduction in central venous pressure and improved diuretic responsiveness in acute CRS cases, while also stabilizing or improving renal function. Other relevant endpoints were fewer heart failure hospitalizations and a reduction in renal adverse events, reduced tissue congestion and improved quality of life scores. However, some devices presented challenges, including procedure-related complications and a learning curve for optimal device implantation. Device-based therapies offer a valuable addition to the CRS treatment paradigm, particularly in cases unresponsive to conventional diuretics and other pharmacologic measures. Each of them addresses specific pathophysiological components of CRS and shows promise in improving clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, further large-scale, long-term trials with comprehensive endpoints are needed to establish these therapies' roles in standard care and to optimize patient selection criteria. Enhanced understanding of device mechanisms and refinement of trial endpoints will be key to maximizing the impact of these therapies on quality of life and clinical outcomes for CRS patients.