Todorovic Nevena, Martinelli Serena, Nannini Giulia, Weiskirchen Ralf, Amedei Amedeo
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 17;25(24):13510. doi: 10.3390/ijms252413510.
Chronic liver disease is characterised by persistent inflammation, tissue damage, and regeneration, which leads to steatosis, fibrosis, and, lastly, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC, the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in human physiology, and disturbances in its critical balance are widely recognised as contributors to various pathological conditions, including chronic liver diseases, both infectious and non-infectious in nature. Growing interest in microbiota research has recently shifted the focus towards the study of intratumoural microbiota, referred to as the "oncobiome", which can significantly impact the development and progression of HCC. In this review, we discuss existing research and provide an overview of the microbiota influence on viral hepatitis, particularly in shaping the progression of liver disease caused by the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. We also explore microbial dysbiosis and its contribution to the silent and dangerous progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, we address the impact of alcohol on the liver and its interaction with the microbiota, tracing the pathway from inflammation to cirrhosis and cancer. The review emphasises the most common etiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma.
慢性肝病的特征是持续的炎症、组织损伤和再生，这会导致脂肪变性、纤维化，最终发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）。HCC是原发性肝癌最常见的形式，是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一。肠道微生物群在人体生理学中起着重要作用，其关键平衡的紊乱被广泛认为是导致各种病理状况的因素，包括本质上具有传染性和非传染性的慢性肝病。近年来，对微生物群研究的兴趣日益浓厚，研究重点已转向对肿瘤内微生物群（即“肿瘤微生物组”）的研究，它会对HCC的发生和发展产生重大影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了现有研究，并概述了微生物群对病毒性肝炎的影响，特别是在乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒引起的肝病进展过程中的作用。我们还探讨了微生物失调及其对非酒精性脂肪性肝病无声且危险进展的影响。此外，我们阐述了酒精对肝脏的影响及其与微生物群的相互作用，追溯了从炎症到肝硬化和癌症的发展路径。这篇综述强调了肝细胞癌最常见的病因。
