van Dijck P J, van de Voorde H
Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1979;169(5-6):519-29.
In order to establish the evolution of resistance against the common antibiotics from the beginning of their use up to the present time, the sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from the cecum of wild boars was determined. The MIC's of E. coli from these animals in a zoological garden was examined for comparison. The samples from the wild boars were collected in five forests in the Belgian Ardennes. The MIC's obtained (Table 1) are comparable to the mean values given in the early literature concerning strains of human origin (Table 7). E. coli from wild boars in a zoological garden has less sensitivity than from domesticated animals. However, the MIC's of staphylococci from fecal matter of the animals in captivity were not markedly enhanced except for streptomycin (Table 3). It was striking to find that staphylococci were absent in all the fecal samples from the wild boars living in their natural environment. The specific habitat of staphylococci is in man. Wild boars are the ancestors of domestic pigs. The MIC's of E. coli from the latter were determined for evaluation of altered resistance. All isolated strains were fairly resistant to the six substances tested (Table 2). Chloramphenicol was still the most active antibiotic. Staphylococci from some domestic animals (pigs, cattle, chicken) were sensitive to all the substances tested except the aminoglucosides and ampicillin (Table 3). E. coli from pigs bred on large farms in Spain (Toledo and Badajoz Provinces) were also highly resistant (Table 4) to five compounds and sensitive to cephalotin, polymyxin B, furoxone, and Carbadox. The samples obtained from family farms also contained unsensitive strains (Avila Province). These animals had never been given antibacterial feed additives as was confirmed by examination of feed samples (Table 6). Staphylococci when present in the Spanish samples can be considered to be antibiotic sensitive with the same exceptions as in the Belgian samples and also unsensitive to chloramphenicol. The use of antibiotics in animal feed was very common in Spain as was shown by feed analysis (Table 6). The risk of transferable resistance by plasmids between animal species must not be very high. In some cases where resistance formation could be mediated by R-factors, sensitive E. coli or staphylococci were isolated. Resistance was not generalized among animals from the same farm or in adjacent sties. No explanation for this discrepancy was found.
为了确定从常见抗生素开始使用到现在其耐药性的演变情况，我们测定了从野猪盲肠分离出的大肠杆菌的敏感性。对动物园中这些动物的大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）进行了检测以作比较。来自野猪的样本是在比利时阿登地区的五片森林中采集的。所获得的最低抑菌浓度（表1）与早期文献中关于人类来源菌株给出的平均值相当（表7）。动物园中野猪的大肠杆菌比家畜的大肠杆菌敏感性更低。然而，圈养动物粪便中的葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度，除链霉素外，并未显著升高（表3）。令人惊讶的是，在生活在自然环境中的野猪的所有粪便样本中都未发现葡萄球菌。葡萄球菌的特定栖息地是在人类身上。野猪是家猪的祖先。测定了家猪大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度以评估耐药性的变化。所有分离菌株对所测试的六种物质都有相当程度的耐药性（表2）。氯霉素仍然是最有效的抗生素。一些家畜（猪、牛、鸡）的葡萄球菌对除氨基糖苷类和氨苄青霉素外的所有测试物质敏感（表3）。西班牙（托莱多和巴达霍斯省）大型农场养殖的猪的大肠杆菌对五种化合物也具有高度耐药性，而对头孢菌素、多粘菌素B、呋喃唑酮和卡巴多司敏感（表4）。从家庭农场采集的样本中也含有不敏感菌株（阿维拉省）。通过对饲料样本的检测证实，这些动物从未被投喂过抗菌饲料添加剂（表6）。西班牙样本中的葡萄球菌，与比利时样本情况相同，除某些例外情况外可被视为对抗生素敏感，且对氯霉素不敏感。饲料分析表明，西班牙动物饲料中抗生素的使用非常普遍（表6）。动物物种之间通过质粒产生可转移耐药性的风险想必不高。在某些可能由R因子介导耐药性形成的情况下，分离出了敏感的大肠杆菌或葡萄球菌。同一农场或相邻猪圈中的动物并未普遍出现耐药性。未找到对此差异的解释。
