Bhatia Bharti, Sonar Sudipta, Khan Seema, Bhattacharya Jayanta
Molecular and Translational Virology, Centre for Virus Research, Vaccines and Therapeutics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India.
Antibody Translational Research Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India.
Pathogens. 2024 Dec 3;13(12):1067. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13121067.
Zoonotic spillover events pose a significant and growing threat to global health. By focusing on preventing these cross-species transmissions, we can significantly mitigate pandemic risks. This review aims to analyze the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover events, identify key risk factors, and propose evidence-based prevention strategies to reduce future pandemic threats. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from 1960-2024, we examined documented spillover events, their outcomes, and intervention strategies. This article emphasizes that targeting the root cause-the spillover event itself-is key to averting future pandemics. By analyzing historical and contemporary outbreaks, we extract crucial insights into the dynamics of zoonotic transmission. Factors underlying these events include increased human-animal contact due to habitat encroachment, agricultural intensification, and wildlife trade. Climate change, global travel, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure exacerbate risks. The diversity of potential viral reservoirs and rapid viral evolution present major challenges for prediction and prevention. Solutions include enhancing surveillance of wildlife populations, improving biosecurity measures, investing in diagnostic capabilities, and promoting sustainable wildlife management. A "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is crucial. Predictive modelling, international cooperation, and public education are key strategies. Developing pre-exposure prophylactics and post-exposure treatments is essential for mitigating outbreaks. While obstacles remain, advances in genomics and ecological modelling offer hope. A proactive, comprehensive approach addressing the root causes of spillover events is vital for safeguarding global health against future pandemics.
人畜共患病的溢出事件对全球健康构成了重大且日益增长的威胁。通过专注于预防这些跨物种传播，我们可以显著降低大流行风险。本综述旨在分析人畜共患病溢出事件的机制，识别关键风险因素，并提出基于证据的预防策略，以减少未来的大流行威胁。通过对1960年至2024年期间包括PubMed、科学网和Scopus在内的主要数据库进行全面的文献综述和分析，我们研究了有记录的溢出事件、其结果以及干预策略。本文强调，针对根本原因——溢出事件本身——是避免未来大流行的关键。通过分析历史和当代疫情，我们提取了关于人畜共患病传播动态的关键见解。这些事件背后的因素包括由于栖息地侵占、农业集约化和野生动物贸易导致的人与动物接触增加。气候变化、全球旅行和医疗基础设施不足加剧了风险。潜在病毒宿主的多样性和病毒的快速进化给预测和预防带来了重大挑战。解决方案包括加强对野生动物种群的监测、改善生物安全措施、投资诊断能力以及促进可持续的野生动物管理。将人类、动物和环境健康整合在一起的“同一健康”方法至关重要。预测建模、国际合作和公众教育是关键策略。开发暴露前预防措施和暴露后治疗方法对于减轻疫情至关重要。虽然障碍仍然存在，但基因组学和生态建模的进展带来了希望。采取积极、全面的方法解决溢出事件的根本原因对于保护全球健康免受未来大流行的影响至关重要。
