Pekdemir Burcu, Raposo António, Saraiva Ariana, Lima Maria João, Alsharari Zayed D, BinMowyna Mona N, Karav Sercan
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey.
CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal.
Nutrients. 2024 Dec 18;16(24):4368. doi: 10.3390/nu16244368.
The brain contains many interconnected and complex cellular and molecular mechanisms. Injury to the brain causes permanent dysfunctions in these mechanisms. So, it continues to be an area where surgical intervention cannot be performed except for the removal of tumors and the repair of some aneurysms. Some agents that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach neurons show neuroprotective effects in the brain due to their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In particular, some agents act by reducing or modulating the accumulation of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion disease) caused by protein accumulation. Substrate accumulation causes increased oxidative stress and stimulates the brain's immune cells, microglia, and astrocytes, to secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Long-term or chronic neuroinflammatory response triggers apoptosis. Brain damage is observed with neuronal apoptosis and brain functions are impaired. This situation negatively affects processes such as motor movements, memory, perception, and learning. Neuroprotective agents prevent apoptosis by modulating molecules that play a role in apoptosis. In addition, they can improve impaired brain functions by supporting neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Due to the important roles that these agents play in central nervous system damage or neurodegenerative diseases, it is important to elucidate many mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of flavonoids, which constitute a large part of the agents with neuroprotective effects, as well as vitamins, neurotransmitters, hormones, amino acids, and their derivatives. It is thought that understanding these mechanisms will enable the development of new therapeutic agents and different treatment strategies.
大脑包含许多相互连接且复杂的细胞和分子机制。脑部损伤会导致这些机制出现永久性功能障碍。因此，除了切除肿瘤和修复一些动脉瘤外，该领域仍然无法进行手术干预。一些能够穿过血脑屏障并到达神经元的物质，因其具有抗凋亡、抗炎和抗氧化特性，在大脑中显示出神经保护作用。特别是，一些物质通过减少或调节神经退行性疾病（阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和朊病毒病）中由蛋白质积累引起的蛋白质聚集体积累来发挥作用。底物积累会导致氧化应激增加，并刺激大脑的免疫细胞、小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞分泌促炎细胞因子。长期或慢性神经炎症反应会触发细胞凋亡。观察到神经元凋亡导致脑损伤，脑功能受损。这种情况会对运动、记忆、感知和学习等过程产生负面影响。神经保护剂通过调节在细胞凋亡中起作用的分子来预防细胞凋亡。此外，它们可以通过支持神经可塑性和神经发生来改善受损的脑功能。由于这些物质在中枢神经系统损伤或神经退行性疾病中发挥着重要作用，阐明许多机制很重要。本综述概述了黄酮类化合物以及维生素、神经递质、激素、氨基酸及其衍生物的作用机制，这些物质在具有神经保护作用的物质中占很大一部分。人们认为，了解这些机制将有助于开发新的治疗药物和不同的治疗策略。
