ZmSPL12 Enhances Root Penetration and Elongation in Maize Under Compacted Soil Conditions by Responding to Ethylene Signaling.

Soil compaction poses a significant challenge in modern agriculture, as it constrains root development and hinders crop growth. The increasing evidence indicated that various phytohormones collaborate in distinct root zones to regulate root growth in compacted soils. However, the study of root development in maize under such conditions has been relatively limited. Here, we identified that the gene, belonging to the SPL transcription factor family, plays a crucial and positive role in regulating root development in the compacted soil. Specifically, the overexpression of resulted in significantly less inhibition of root growth than the wild-type plants when subjected to soil compaction. Histological analysis revealed that the capacity for root growth in compacted soil is closely associated with the development of the root cap. Further exploration demonstrated that modulates root growth through regulating ethylene signaling. Our findings underscored that expression level is induced by soil compaction and then enhances root penetration by regulating root cap and development, thereby enabling roots to thrive better in the compacted soil environment.