Zhang He, Xiao Liang, Qin Siying, Kuang Zheng, Wan Miaomiao, Li Zhan, Li Lei
School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Dec 20;13(24):3561. doi: 10.3390/plants13243561.
The acquisition and utilization of cell walls have fundamentally shaped the plant lifestyle. While the walls provide mechanical strength and enable plants to grow and occupy a three-dimensional space, successful sessile life also requires the walls to undergo dynamic modifications to accommodate size and shape changes accurately. Plant cell walls exhibit substantial mechanical heterogeneity due to the diverse polysaccharide composition and different development stages. Here, we review recent research advances, both methodological and experimental, that shed new light on the architecture of cell walls, with a focus on the mechanical heterogeneity of plant cell walls. Facilitated by advanced techniques and tools, especially atomic force microscopy (AFM), research efforts over the last decade have contributed to impressive progress in our understanding of how mechanical properties are associated with cell growth. In particular, the pivotal importance of pectin, the most complex wall polysaccharide, in wall mechanics is rapidly emerging. Pectin is regarded as an important determinant for establishing anisotropic growth patterns of elongating cells. Altogether, the diversity of plant cell walls can lead to heterogeneity in the mechanical properties, which will help to reveal how mechanical factors regulate plant cell growth and organ morphogenesis.
细胞壁的获取与利用从根本上塑造了植物的生存方式。虽然细胞壁提供机械强度并使植物能够生长并占据三维空间，但成功的固着生活也需要细胞壁进行动态修饰，以准确适应大小和形状的变化。由于多糖组成多样以及发育阶段不同，植物细胞壁表现出显著的机械异质性。在此，我们综述了近期在方法和实验方面的研究进展，这些进展为细胞壁的结构提供了新的见解，重点是植物细胞壁的机械异质性。在先进技术和工具的推动下，尤其是原子力显微镜（AFM），过去十年的研究工作在我们对机械性能如何与细胞生长相关联的理解上取得了令人瞩目的进展。特别是，果胶作为最复杂的细胞壁多糖，在细胞壁力学中的关键重要性正迅速显现出来。果胶被认为是建立伸长细胞各向异性生长模式的重要决定因素。总之，植物细胞壁的多样性会导致机械性能的异质性，这将有助于揭示机械因素如何调节植物细胞生长和器官形态发生。
