Jaywant Swapna A, Arif Khalid Mahmood
Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
HauHau Research, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Dec 17;24(24):8041. doi: 10.3390/s24248041.
Freshwater resources are facing increasing challenges to water quality, due to factors such as population growth, human activities, climate change, and various human-made pressures. While on-site methods, as specified in the USGS water quality sampling handbook, are usually precise, they require more time, are costly, and provide data at specific points, which lacks the essential comprehensive geographic and temporal detail for water body assessment and management. Hence, conventional on-site monitoring methods are unable to provide a complete representation of freshwater systems. To address concerns regarding geographic and time-based coverage, remote sensing has developed into an effective solution, taking advantage of recent advancements in sensor technology and methodologies. The combination of GPS and GIS technologies, along with remotely sensed data, provides an efficient resource for continual monitoring and evaluation of water bodies. The use of remotely sensed data helps to establish a reliable geospatial database, serving as a standard for subsequent evaluations. The review emphasizes the contribution of remote sensing to water monitoring. It starts by exploring various space-borne and airborne sensors utilized for this purpose. Subsequently, the review explores remote sensing applications for water quality. Lastly, the review discusses the overall benefits and challenges related to remote sensing in water monitoring.
由于人口增长、人类活动、气候变化以及各种人为压力等因素，淡水资源正面临着日益严峻的水质挑战。虽然美国地质调查局水质采样手册中规定的现场方法通常较为精确，但它们需要更多时间、成本高昂，且只能在特定点提供数据，缺乏水体评估和管理所需的基本全面地理和时间细节。因此，传统的现场监测方法无法全面反映淡水系统。为了解决地理和时间覆盖方面的问题，利用传感器技术和方法的最新进展，遥感已发展成为一种有效的解决方案。全球定位系统（GPS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术与遥感数据相结合，为水体的持续监测和评估提供了一种高效资源。使用遥感数据有助于建立一个可靠的地理空间数据库，作为后续评估的标准。本综述强调了遥感对水质监测的贡献。首先探讨了用于此目的的各种星载和机载传感器。随后，综述探讨了遥感在水质方面的应用。最后，综述讨论了遥感在水质监测中的总体益处和挑战。
