Modelling, Analysis and Validation of Hydraulic Self-Adaptive Bearings for Elevated Floating Bridges.

Conventional floating bridge systems used during emergency repairs, such as during wartime or after natural disasters, typically rely on passive rubber bearings or semi-active control systems. These methods often limit traffic speed, stability, and safety under dynamic conditions, including varying vehicle loads and fluctuating water levels. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel Hydraulic Self-Adaptive Bearing System (HABS). The system integrates real-time position closed-loop control and a flexible support compensation method to enhance stability and adaptability to environmental changes. A modified three-variable controller is introduced to optimise load response, while a multi-state observer control strategy effectively reduces vibrations and improves traffic smoothness. A 1:15 scale prototype was constructed, and a co-simulation model combining MATLAB/Simulink and MSC Adams was developed to simulate various operational conditions. Results from both experiments and simulations demonstrate the HABS's ability to adapt to varying loads and environmental disturbances, achieving a 72% reduction in displacement and a 54% reduction in acceleration. These improvements enhance traffic speed, stability, and safety, making the system a promising solution for emergency and floating bridges, providing superior performance under challenging and dynamic conditions.