Umar Sajid, Ahmed Aftab, Gulraiz Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Shaban, Yu Jieshi, Rasool Arslan, Koviazina Renata, Yilmaz Aysun, Yilmaz Huseyin, Anderson Benjamin D
Global Health Research Center (GHRC), Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou 215316, China.
Division of Natural & Applied Sciences (DNAS), Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou 215316, China.
Viruses. 2024 Nov 29;16(12):1865. doi: 10.3390/v16121865.
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a newly emerged zoonotic virus increasingly reported worldwide. Cattle are considered the main reservoir of IDV, although it was first isolated from pigs. IDV infects multiple animal species and contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). To date, there has been no report on the presence and frequency of IDV among cattle herds in Pakistan. In this study, we collected nasal swabs from cattle and performed virological surveillance of IDV via qRT-PCR. Among 376 swab samples, IDV was detected in 9 samples (2.4%). Four dairy cattle farms were positive for IDV; two IDV-positive samples (two/nine, 22.2%) belonged to asymptomatic cattle, while seven IDV-positive samples (seven/nine, 77.8%) were from cattle showing respiratory clinical signs, including two with a recent history of abortion and mastitis. Partial sequences of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion gene of IDV were obtained from nine qRT-PCR-positive samples. Notably, all IDV strains in this study clustered within the D/OK lineages in phylogenetic analysis. A 98.8-99.6% genetic identity to its European and US counterparts indicates that the IDVs are closely related. The D/OK lineage of IDV was previously unreported in Pakistan. This is the first report of IDV in Pakistan. We confirmed that IDV is circulating among cattle herds in Pakistan. This study underscores the importance of virological surveillance to monitor the ecology of IDV for better animal and public health. The continued spread of IDV and its adaptation to various hosts necessitate further epidemiological studies.
丁型流感病毒（IDV）是一种新出现的人畜共患病毒，在全球范围内的报道日益增多。牛被认为是IDV的主要宿主，尽管它最初是从猪身上分离出来的。IDV可感染多种动物物种，并引发牛呼吸道疾病综合征（BRDC）。迄今为止，巴基斯坦牛群中IDV的存在情况和感染率尚无相关报道。在本研究中，我们采集了牛的鼻拭子，并通过qRT-PCR对IDV进行了病毒学监测。在376份拭子样本中，检测到9份IDV阳性样本（2.4%）。有4个奶牛场的IDV呈阳性；两份IDV阳性样本（2/9，22.2%）来自无症状牛，而7份IDV阳性样本（7/9，77.8%）来自有呼吸道临床症状的牛，其中2头牛近期有流产和乳腺炎病史。从9份qRT-PCR阳性样本中获得了IDV血凝素-酯酶-融合基因的部分序列。值得注意的是，在系统发育分析中，本研究中的所有IDV毒株都聚集在D/OK谱系内。与欧洲和美国的对应毒株有98.8 - 99.6%的基因同一性，表明这些IDV毒株密切相关。IDV的D/OK谱系此前在巴基斯坦未被报道过。这是巴基斯坦首次关于IDV的报道。我们证实IDV在巴基斯坦的牛群中传播。本研究强调了病毒学监测对于监测IDV生态以改善动物和公共卫生的重要性。IDV的持续传播及其对各种宿主的适应性需要进一步的流行病学研究。
