Rivaldi Muhammad, Frediansyah Andri, Aziz Solihatun Amidan Amatul, Nugroho Andhika Puspito
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Ecotoxicology. 2025 Apr;34(3):425-443. doi: 10.1007/s10646-024-02846-9. Epub 2025 Jan 9.
Many contaminants from scattered sources constantly endanger streams that flow through heavily inhabited areas, commercial districts, and industrial hubs. The responses of transplanted mussels in streams in active biomonitoring programs will reflect the dynamics of environmental stream conditions. This study evaluated the untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses and free radical scavenging activities of transplanted mussels Sinanodonta woodiana in the Winongo Stream at three stations (S1, S2, S3) representing different pollution levels: low (S1), high (S2), and moderate (S3). The investigation examined untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses in the gills and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activities in the gills, mantle, and digestive glands. Metabolomic analysis revealed a clear separation between mussel responses from the three stations after 28 days of exposure, with specific metabolites responding to different pollution levels. Proteomic analysis identified β-Actin protein in all stations. The β-Actin protein sequence of unexposed mussels had coverage of 17%, and increased to 23% at S1 on day 28 and 34% at S2 and S3 on day 28. All tissues showed increased DPPH and ABTS activities from day 3 to day 28, mainly in stations S2 and S3. These findings underscore the impact of pollution levels on the metabolomic and proteomic responses of S. woodiana and the importance of these discoveries as early indicators (biomarkers) of long-term aquatic environmental problems. In the face of current environmental challenges, this research raises concerns about the health of water bodies. It underscores the importance of developing robust, standardized, and dependable analytical techniques for monitoring the health of aquatic environments.
许多来自分散源的污染物持续威胁着流经人口密集区、商业区和工业中心的溪流。在活跃的生物监测项目中，溪流中移植贻贝的反应将反映环境溪流状况的动态变化。本研究评估了代表不同污染水平的三个站点（S1，低污染；S2，高污染；S3，中度污染）的威斯康星河（Winongo Stream）中移植的背角无齿蚌（Sinanodonta woodiana）的非靶向代谢组学和蛋白质组学反应以及自由基清除活性。该调查检测了鳃中的非靶向代谢组学和蛋白质组学反应，以及鳃、外套膜和消化腺中的2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）和2,2'-联氮-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）（ABTS）活性。代谢组学分析显示，暴露28天后，三个站点的贻贝反应存在明显差异，特定代谢物对不同污染水平有反应。蛋白质组学分析在所有站点都鉴定出了β-肌动蛋白。未暴露贻贝的β-肌动蛋白蛋白质序列覆盖率为17%，在第28天S1站点增加到23%，在第28天S2和S3站点增加到34%。从第3天到第28天，所有组织的DPPH和ABTS活性都有所增加，主要在S2和S3站点。这些发现强调了污染水平对背角无齿蚌代谢组学和蛋白质组学反应的影响，以及这些发现作为长期水生环境问题早期指标（生物标志物）的重要性。面对当前的环境挑战，这项研究引发了对水体健康的担忧。它强调了开发强大、标准化和可靠的分析技术以监测水生环境健康的重要性。
