Patresan John, Patel Harsh, Chandrasekaran Karthik, Reynolds Griffin
Hematology and Oncology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, USA.
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Brooklyn, USA.
Cureus. 2024 Dec 10;16(12):e75471. doi: 10.7759/cureus.75471. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common forms of primary liver cancer worldwide. Herein, we present a review article that provides a broad overview of the current landscape of HCC, including the etiology, potential risk factors, and molecular pathways that can serve as potential therapeutic targets. The risk factors tend to vary depending on the geographic distribution; hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis and HCC occur more frequently in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas metabolic disorders are the culprits in Western Europe and the Americas. The exact molecular alterations that drive hepatocarcinogenesis have yet to be elucidated; however, a complex interplay exists between oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Diagnostic modalities such as tri-phasic MRI or CT also have distinct patterns for HCC, which aid significantly in diagnosis. Furthermore, the review aims to highlight treatment strategies, including transplantation, locoregional radiation therapies, and interventional radiological techniques such as chemotherapy or radioembolization. Finally, systemic therapies will be discussed, taking advantage of molecular pathways that influence cellular proliferation and survival as well as immunotherapy.
肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球最常见的原发性肝癌形式之一。在此，我们发表一篇综述文章，全面概述了HCC的当前状况，包括病因、潜在风险因素以及可作为潜在治疗靶点的分子途径。风险因素往往因地理分布而异；乙型肝炎引发的肝硬化和HCC在亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲更为常见，而代谢紊乱则是西欧和美洲的罪魁祸首。驱动肝癌发生的确切分子改变尚未阐明；然而，氧化应激和慢性炎症之间存在复杂的相互作用。三相MRI或CT等诊断方式对HCC也有独特的表现形式，这对诊断有很大帮助。此外，该综述旨在突出治疗策略，包括移植、局部放射治疗以及化疗或放射性栓塞等介入放射技术。最后，将讨论利用影响细胞增殖和存活的分子途径以及免疫疗法的全身治疗。
