Ilie Nicoleta
Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Goethestr. 70, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Jan 6;15(1):74. doi: 10.3390/nano15010074.
It is hypothesized that the way nano- and micro-hybrid polymer-based composites are structured and cured impacts the way they respond to aging.
A polymer-ceramic interpenetrating network composite (Vita Enamic/VE), an industrially polymerized (Brillinat CriosST/BC), and an in situ light-cured composite with discrete inorganic fillers (Admira Fusion5/AF5) were selected. Specimens (308) were either cut from CAD/CAM blocks (VE/BC) or condensed and cured in white polyoxymethylene molds (AF5) and subjected to four different aging conditions ( = 22): (a) 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 °C; (b) 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 °C followed by thermal cycling for 10,000 cycles 5/55 °C (TC); (c) TC followed by storage in a 75% ethanol-water solution; and (d) TC followed by a 3-week demineralization/remineralization cycling. CAD/CAM samples were also measured dry before the aging process. Three-point bending test, quantitative and qualitative fractography, instrumented indentation test (IIT), SEM, and reliability analyses were used. Uni- and multifactorial ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, and Weibull analysis were performed for statistical analysis.
A significant ( < 0.001) and very strong effect of the parameter material was observed (η > 0.9). VE exhibited two to three times higher elastic moduli and hardness parameters compared to BC and AF5, which were comparable. Strength was highest in BC but was accompanied by high beam deformation. The effect of aging was comparatively smaller and was more evident in the IIT parameters than in the flexural strength or modulus. Reliability was high (m > 15) in VE and BC, regardless of aging protocol, while it was significantly reduced in AF5 following aging protocols b-d.
TC was the method of artificial aging with a significant impact on the measured parameters, while demineralization/remineralization cycling had little or no impact.
The degradation of composites occurred irrespective of the structuring and curing method and manifested in a low deterioration in the measured properties.
据推测，基于纳米和微米混合聚合物的复合材料的结构和固化方式会影响其老化反应。
选用一种聚合物-陶瓷互穿网络复合材料（维他易美/VE）、一种工业聚合材料（Brillinat CriosST/BC）以及一种含离散无机填料的原位光固化复合材料（Admira Fusion5/AF5）。308个样本，要么从CAD/CAM块体上切割下来（VE/BC），要么在白色聚甲醛模具中压缩并固化（AF5），然后置于四种不同的老化条件下（温度 = 22）：（a）在37℃蒸馏水中储存24小时；（b）在37℃蒸馏水中储存24小时，随后进行5/55℃的热循环10000次（TC）；（c）TC后在75%乙醇-水溶液中储存；（d）TC后进行为期3周的脱矿质/再矿化循环。CAD/CAM样本在老化过程前也进行了干燥测量。采用三点弯曲试验、定量和定性断口分析、仪器化压痕试验（IIT）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以及可靠性分析。进行单因素和多因素方差分析、Tukey事后检验以及威布尔分析以进行统计分析。
观察到材料参数具有显著（<0.001）且非常强的效应（η>0.9）。与BC和AF5相比，VE的弹性模量和硬度参数高出两到三倍，而BC和AF5相当。BC的强度最高，但伴随着高梁变形。老化的影响相对较小，在IIT参数中比在弯曲强度或模量中更明显。无论老化方案如何，VE和BC的可靠性都很高（m>15），而在老化方案b - d之后，AF5的可靠性显著降低。
热循环是对测量参数有显著影响的人工老化方法，而脱矿质/再矿化循环影响很小或没有影响。
复合材料的降解与结构和固化方法无关，且在测量性能方面表现出低程度的劣化。
