Experimental investigation on mechanical properties and strength criteria of frozen soft rock.

Excavation of underground engineering structures involving deeply buried water-rich soft rocks is generally carried out using the artificial freezing method. A series of undrained uniaxial and triaxial shear and creep tests were conducted on soft rocks under different confining pressures (0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 MPa) at different freezing temperatures (room temperature, -5°C, -10°C, and -15°C). Test results indicate that the frozen soft rocks show strain softening characteristics. The stress-strain curve changes from a straight line to a curve as deviatoric stress constantly increases, while it decreases abruptly after the deviatoric stress reaches the peak and is slightly affected by the freezing temperature. At the same temperature, shear strength increases at a rate of 5.6 MPa/°C with increasing confining pressure; as freezing temperature decreases, the shear strength increases at 0.34 MPa/°C, and cohesion increases at 0.6 MPa/°C. Under the same confining pressure, the failure strain of soft rock decreases with the decrease of temperature. The Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) criterion can accurately describe the failure process of frozen soft rocks in the pre-peak stage, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.98. Within the test stress range, soft rocks display attenuated stable creep deformation. Acoustic emission (AE) tests were conducted to further verify that the soft rocks show shear failure under load, with a shear plane showing an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The research findings provide technical support and theoretical reference for studying rock mechanical properties as well as for designing and carrying out underground freezing of rocks in a low-temperature environment.