Cheung Ho Yin Wickson, Kumar Prashant, Hama Sarkawt, Emygdio Ana Paula Mendes, Wei Yingyue, Anagnostopoulos Lemonia, Ewer John, Ferracci Valerio, Galea Edwin R, Grandison Angus, Hadjichristodoulou Christos, Jia Fuchen, Lepore Pierfrancesco, Morawska Lidia, Mouchtouri Varvara A, Siilin Niko, Wang Zhaozhi
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jan 25;962:178286. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178286. Epub 2025 Jan 10.
Large passenger ships are characterised as enclosed and crowded indoor spaces with frequent interactions between travellers, providing conditions that facilitate disease transmission. This study aims to provide an indoor ship CO dataset for inferring thermal comfort, ventilation and infectious disease transmission risk evaluation. Indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring was conducted in nine environments (three cabins, buffet, gym, bar, restaurant, pub and theatre), on board a cruise ship voyaging across the UK and EU, with the study conducted in the framework of the EU HEALTHY SAILING project. CO concentrations, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simultaneously monitored to investigate thermal characteristics and effectiveness of ventilation performance. Results show a slightly higher RH of 68.2 ± 5.3 % aboard compared to ASHRAE and ISO recommended targets, with temperature recorded at 22.3 ± 1.4 °C. Generally, good IAQ (<1000 ppm) was measured with CO mainly varying between 400 and 1200 ppm. The estimated air change rates (ACH) and ventilation rates (VR) implied sufficient ventilation was provided in most locations, and the theatre (VR: 86 L s person) and cabins (VR: >20 L s person) were highly over-ventilated. Dining areas including the pub and restaurant recorded high CO concentrations (>2000 ppm) potentially due to higher footfall (0.6 person m and 0.4 person m) and limited ACH (2.3 h and 0.8 h), indicating a potential risk of infection; these areas should be prioritised for improvement. The IAQ and probability of infection indicate there is an opportunity for energy saving by lowering hotel load for the theatre and cabins and achieving the minimum acceptable VR (10 L s person) for occupants' comfort and disease control. Our study produced a first-time dataset from a sailing cruise ship's ventilated areas and provided evidence that can inform guidelines about the optimisation of ventilation operations in large passenger ships, contributing to respiratory health, infection control and energy efficiency aboard.
大型客船的特点是室内空间封闭且拥挤，乘客之间频繁互动，为疾病传播创造了条件。本研究旨在提供一个室内船舶一氧化碳数据集，用于推断热舒适度、通风情况以及传染病传播风险评估。在一艘航行于英国和欧盟的游轮上，于九个环境（三个客舱、自助餐厅、健身房、酒吧、餐厅、酒吧和剧院）中进行了室内空气质量（IAQ）监测，该研究是在欧盟“健康航行”项目框架内开展的。同时监测了一氧化碳浓度、温度和相对湿度（RH），以研究热特性和通风性能的有效性。结果显示，船上的相对湿度略高于ASHRAE和ISO推荐目标，为68.2±5.3%，温度记录为22.3±1.4°C。总体而言，室内空气质量良好（<1000 ppm），一氧化碳浓度主要在400至1200 ppm之间变化。估计的换气率（ACH）和通风率（VR）表明，大多数地方提供了充足的通风，剧院（通风率：86升/秒·人）和客舱（通风率：>20升/秒·人）通风过度。包括酒吧和餐厅在内的用餐区域一氧化碳浓度较高（>2000 ppm），可能是由于人流量较大（0.6人/平方米和0.4人/平方米）且换气率有限（2.3次/小时和0.8次/小时），这表明存在感染风险；这些区域应优先进行改善。室内空气质量和感染概率表明，通过降低剧院和客舱的酒店负荷，并实现 occupants' comfort and disease control 可接受的最低通风率（10升/秒·人），有节能的机会。我们的研究首次从一艘航行游轮的通风区域生成了数据集，并提供了可用于为大型客船通风操作优化指南提供参考的证据，有助于船上的呼吸健康、感染控制和能源效率。
