Kwak Jung Hyun, Kim Hyun Ja
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea.
Nutr Res. 2025 Feb;134:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.12.002. Epub 2024 Dec 21.
Air pollutants directly and indirectly cause vitamin D deficiency (VDD). In addition, smoking increases oxidative stress and accelerates skin aging, thereby reducing the body's vitamin D concentration. Previous study reported that VDD increases total cholesterol concentration by reducing vitamin D receptor activity. We hypothesized that high air pollution exposure, smoking, and VDD would increase hypercholesterolemia. We investigated associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants, smoking status, VDD, and their combination with hypercholesterolemia using data from the 2008-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We used linked data from the KNHANES to the daily moving average of air-pollution data from 730 days before the examination date, using participants' addresses in latitude and longitude coordinates. Results were analyzed using a survey logistic regression model for complex sample analyses. We included 28,134 adults with data on serum vitamin D, cholesterol concentrations, smoking status, and air pollutant concentrations. After adjusting for potential covariates, adults with exposure to high concentrations of air pollutants and ever smokers showed significantly higher risks of VDD (odds ratios [ORs], 1.70; 95 % confidence intervals [CIs], 1.44-2.00). In the group with high air-pollutant exposure, adults with low vitamin D status and ever smokers had significantly higher risks of hypercholesterolemia (ORs, 1.55; 95 % CIs, 1.09-2.19) than adults with high vitamin D status and never smokers. We found that high air-pollutant exposure, ever smokers, and VDD may increase hypercholesterolemia prevalence in Korean adults. Therefore, to reduce hypercholesterolemia risk, adults living in areas with high air-pollution exposure may need adequate vitamin D intake and to avoid smoking.
空气污染物直接或间接导致维生素D缺乏（VDD）。此外，吸烟会增加氧化应激并加速皮肤老化，从而降低体内维生素D浓度。先前的研究报告称，VDD通过降低维生素D受体活性来增加总胆固醇浓度。我们假设，高空气污染暴露、吸烟和VDD会增加高胆固醇血症的风险。我们使用2008 - 2014年韩国国家健康与营养检查调查（KNHANES）的数据，研究了长期暴露于空气污染物、吸烟状况、VDD及其与高胆固醇血症的组合之间的关联。我们将KNHANES的数据与检查日期前730天的空气污染数据的每日移动平均值相链接，使用参与者地址的经纬度坐标。结果使用用于复杂样本分析的调查逻辑回归模型进行分析。我们纳入了28134名有血清维生素D、胆固醇浓度、吸烟状况和空气污染物浓度数据的成年人。在调整潜在协变量后，暴露于高浓度空气污染物的成年人和曾经吸烟者患VDD的风险显著更高（优势比[OR]，1.70；95%置信区间[CI]，1.44 - 2.00）。在高空气污染暴露组中，维生素D水平低的成年人和曾经吸烟者患高胆固醇血症的风险（OR，1.55；95%CI，1.09 - 2.19）显著高于维生素D水平高的成年人和从不吸烟者。我们发现，高空气污染暴露、曾经吸烟者和VDD可能会增加韩国成年人高胆固醇血症的患病率。因此，为降低高胆固醇血症风险，生活在高空气污染暴露地区的成年人可能需要充足的维生素D摄入量并避免吸烟。
