Konishi Mika, Clark Nicholas C, McDonald Duncan J, Takemura Masahiro, Cortes Nelson
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom.
Orthop J Sports Med. 2025 Jan 10;13(1):23259671241302326. doi: 10.1177/23259671241302326. eCollection 2025 Jan.
Athletes with decreased baseline neurocognitive function may experience noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in unanticipated athletic situations. Many ACL injury prevention programs (IPPs) focus on improving closed-skill movements (eg, planned landing). However, the more open-skill movements (eg, unplanned reactive movements) required in unpredictable sports scenarios are commonly absent from ACL IPPs, and the acute effects of open-skill training on neurocognitive function remain unclear.
To investigate the acute effects of unplanned versus planned training on neurocognitive function and knee biomechanics associated with ACL injury risk during the side-step cutting motion.
Controlled laboratory study.
A total of 32 adult recreational athletes (16 female, 16 male) were randomly assigned to either an unplanned training (UT) group or a control (CON) group. The UT group performed unplanned hop-landing training while the CON group performed planned hop-landing training. Both before and after the training, neurocognitive function was evaluated using the Trail Making Test-part B and Stroop Color and Word Test. Additionally, unanticipated and anticipated side-step cutting tasks were performed while 3-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data for the dominant leg were collected. Neurocognitive test scores and biomechanical variables relevant to ACL injury were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance to determine the main effects of training, group, and training × group interaction.
Trail Making Test-part B and Stroop Color and Word Test scores significantly improved from pre- to posttraining in both groups ( < .001 for both). There was a significant training × group interaction for peak knee abduction angle during the unanticipated side-step cutting task (pre- vs posttraining: -8.81°± 7.23° vs -7.40°± 7.24° [UT group]; -8.23°± 9.40° vs -9.99°± 9.83° [CON group]; = .02) and for peak vertical ground-reaction force during the anticipated side-step cutting task (pre- vs posttraining: 3.86 ± 0.59 vs 4.08 ± 0.74 percentage body weight [%BW] [UT group]; 3.70 ± 0.62 vs 3.34 ± 0.62 %BW [CON group]; = .04).
Study findings showed a significant training × group interaction for knee abduction angle during the unanticipated side-step cutting task with unplanned training and for vertical ground-reaction force during the anticipated side-step cutting task with planned training.
Designing ACL IPPs based on the sport type (ie, open skill or closed skill) may contribute to better preparation.
基线神经认知功能下降的运动员在意外的运动情况下可能会发生非接触性前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤。许多ACL损伤预防计划（IPPs）侧重于改善封闭技能动作（如计划中的着陆）。然而，ACL IPPs通常缺乏不可预测的运动场景中所需的更开放技能动作（如非计划的反应性动作），并且开放技能训练对神经认知功能的急性影响仍不清楚。
研究非计划训练与计划训练对神经认知功能以及侧步切入动作中与ACL损伤风险相关的膝关节生物力学的急性影响。
对照实验室研究。
总共32名成年休闲运动员（16名女性，16名男性）被随机分配到非计划训练（UT）组或对照组（CON）。UT组进行非计划单脚跳着陆训练，而CON组进行计划单脚跳着陆训练。在训练前后，使用B部分连线测验和斯特鲁普颜色和文字测验评估神经认知功能。此外，在进行意外和预期的侧步切入任务时，收集优势腿的三维运动学和动力学数据。使用双向重复测量方差分析分析神经认知测试分数和与ACL损伤相关的生物力学变量，以确定训练、组以及训练×组交互作用的主要影响。
两组的B部分连线测验和斯特鲁普颜色和文字测验分数从训练前到训练后均显著提高（两者均P <.001）。在意外侧步切入任务中，膝关节外展角峰值存在显著的训练×组交互作用（训练前与训练后：-8.81°±7.23°与-7.40°±7.24°[UT组]；-8.23°±9.40°与-9.99°±9.83°[CON组]；P =.02），在预期侧步切入任务中，垂直地面反作用力峰值也存在显著的训练×组交互作用（训练前与训练后：3.86±0.59与4.08±0.74体重百分比[%BW][UT组]；3.70±0.62与3.34±0.62 %BW[CON组]；P =.04）。
研究结果表明，在意外侧步切入任务中，非计划训练对膝关节外展角存在显著的训练×组交互作用，在预期侧步切入任务中，计划训练对垂直地面反作用力存在显著的训练×组交互作用。
根据运动类型（即开放技能或封闭技能）设计ACL IPPs可能有助于更好地做好准备。
