Zamodics Mark, Babity Mate, Mihok Attila, Bognar Csaba, Bucsko-Varga Agnes, Kulcsar Panka, Boroncsok Dora, Benko Regina, Fabian Alexandra, Lakatos Balint, Vago Hajnalka, Kovacs Attila, Merkely Bela, Kiss Orsolya
Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1122, Gaal Jozsef Street 9, Hungary.
Department of Sports Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1122, Varosmajor Street 68, Hungary.
Heliyon. 2024 Dec 11;11(1):e41131. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41131. eCollection 2025 Jan 15.
The benefits of treadmill-based cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) are well known. However, water polo trainings involve completely different movements in a distinct environment. Our objective was to analyze data from elite youth and adult water polo players, gathered through CPET and age- and sport-specific swimming tests. Resting and exercise heart rate, as well as lactate levels, were examined at specific time points during both assessments. Additionally, maximal aerobic capacity was evaluated during the CPET. Forty-six female water polo players were examined (age:18.5 ± 5.9 y, adults:19). No significant differences were found between CPET and swimming tests for resting heart rate (75[IQR:65-85] vs. 71[IQR:63-81] BPM, p = 0.33) and lactate levels (1.5[IQR:1.1-1.7] vs. 1.5[IQR:1.3-1.7] mM, p = 0.33). Maximal heart rates were higher during CPET than swimming (196.3 ± 9.7vs.191.0 ± 12.5 BPM, p < 0.001), while maximal lactate levels were lower (8.4 ± 2.4vs.9.6 ± 2.7 mM, p < 0.05). Lactate levels remained elevated after routine cool-down swimming ordered by the trainers, but decreased after suggested further training (6.6 ± 2.7vs.3.7 ± 1.6 mM, p < 0.001). Comparing the youth (<18y) and the adult (≥18y) players, no differences in relative maximal aerobic capacity (44.4 ± 4.8vs.44.9 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min, p = 0.72) and in peak lactate values (8.2 ± 2.7vs.8.7 ± 1.9 mM, p = 0.48) were observed in CPET examinations, while maximal heart rates were higher in the youth group (200.7 ± 7.2vs.190.1 ± 9.6 BPM, p < 0.001). Similarly, maximal lactate levels showed no differences (9.1 ± 2.6vs.10.4 ± 2.7 mM, p = 0.13), while maximal heart rates were higher in the youth group during swimming examinations (197.7 ± 10.0vs.181.4 ± 8.9 BPM, p < 0.001). The combined use of both exercise tests enables the assessment of maximal physiological parameters (heart rate, lactate, aerobic capacity) during different types and intensities of physical exercise and identifies differences across age groups, facilitating the design of a more personalized and effective training program.
基于跑步机的心肺运动测试（CPET）的益处众所周知。然而，水球训练在独特的环境中涉及完全不同的动作。我们的目标是分析通过CPET以及针对年龄和运动项目的特定游泳测试收集的精英青年和成年水球运动员的数据。在两项评估的特定时间点检查静息心率和运动心率以及乳酸水平。此外，在CPET期间评估最大有氧能力。对46名女子水球运动员进行了检查（年龄：18.5±5.9岁，成年人：19岁）。在静息心率（75[四分位距：65 - 85]对71[四分位距：63 - 81]次/分钟，p = 0.33）和乳酸水平（1.5[四分位距：1.1 - 1.7]对1.5[四分位距：1.3 - 1.7]毫摩尔，p = 0.33）方面，CPET和游泳测试之间未发现显著差异。CPET期间的最大心率高于游泳时（196.3±9.7对191.0±12.5次/分钟，p < 0.001），而最大乳酸水平较低（8.4±2.4对9.6±2.7毫摩尔，p < 0.05）。在教练安排的常规放松游泳后乳酸水平仍保持升高，但在建议的进一步训练后降低（6.6±2.7对3.7±1.6毫摩尔，p < 0.001）。比较青年（<18岁）和成年（≥18岁）运动员，在CPET检查中，相对最大有氧能力（44.4±4.8对44.9±5.5毫升/千克/分钟，p = 0.72）和峰值乳酸值（8.2±2.7对8.7±1.9毫摩尔，p = 0.48）没有差异，而青年组的最大心率较高（200.7±7.2对190.1±9.6次/分钟，p < 0.001）。同样，最大乳酸水平没有差异（9.1±2.6对10.4±2.7毫摩尔，p = 0.13），而在游泳检查期间青年组的最大心率较高（197.7±10.0对181.4±8.9次/分钟，p < 0.001）。两种运动测试的联合使用能够评估不同类型和强度体育锻炼期间的最大生理参数（心率、乳酸、有氧能力），并识别不同年龄组之间的差异，有助于设计更个性化和有效的训练计划。
