Medicaid billing for community health worker services growing, but remains low, 2016-2020.

Despite the recognized value of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in improving health outcomes, the integration of CHWs into Medicaid continues to be a challenge. This study examines the trends in CHW billing for Medicaid services across states from 2016 to 2020. We conducted an exploratory descriptive analysis of the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS) Analytic Files (TAF) 2016-2020 to identify trends in direct billing for CHW services, including beneficiaries served, total services rendered, payment type, place of service, and procedure codes used for services billed by CHWs. The number of CHWs billing Medicaid increased by 638% between 2016 and 2020. However, by 2020, there were still only 731 CHWs billing Medicaid in the 9 states examined with one state (Ohio) accounting for 77.7% of all Medicaid beneficiaries identified with CHW direct billing. The total number of CHW services grew nearly 23-fold, with 37.7% overall provided in patient homes. Significant billing inconsistencies were observed, including the use of non-designated procedure codes. Overall CHW billing in Medicaid remained low as of 2020, with the exception of Ohio. Understanding factors associated with Ohio's expansion could yield important insights for current efforts to improve access to CHWs for Medicaid beneficiaries.