Mishell D R
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1978;16(6):482-7. doi: 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1979.tb00954.x.
The main benefits of intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a lack of adverse systemic effects, excellent effectiveness, high continuation rates and the single act of motivation required for use. First year failure rates range from 2% to 3%, but decline steadily thereafter to a cumulative annual failure rate of less than 1% after six years. The risks of IUDs include increased blood loss, uterine perforation, pelvic infection and pregnancy-related complications. The incidence of perforation of the uterine fundus ranges from 1:1000 to 1:2500 insertions, while that of cervical perforation with the copper devices ranges from 1:600 to 1:1000. IUD use is associated with about a three-fold increased incidence of developing acute salpingitis in comparison with use of oral contraceptives and diaphragms. If pregnancy occurs with an IUD in place, there is a three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion, a ten-fold increased risk of ectopic pregnancy (5% of all IUD pregnancies) and a possible increased incidence of sepsis during the pregnancy.
宫内节育器（IUD）的主要优点包括无全身不良反应、避孕效果极佳、续用率高以及使用时只需一次性操作。第一年的失败率在2%至3%之间，但此后会稳步下降，6年后的累积年失败率低于1%。宫内节育器的风险包括出血量增加、子宫穿孔、盆腔感染以及与妊娠相关的并发症。子宫底部穿孔的发生率在每1000至2500次放置中有1例，而使用铜质节育器时宫颈穿孔的发生率在每600至1000次中有1例。与使用口服避孕药和隔膜相比，使用宫内节育器发生急性输卵管炎的发生率大约增加三倍。如果在宫内节育器在位时发生妊娠，自然流产的风险增加三倍，异位妊娠的风险增加十倍（所有带器妊娠中有5%），并且孕期发生败血症的发生率可能增加。
