Rahim Fathima Abdul, Niyas K, Vivek Raju, Pathan Soyeb, Rasheed P Abdul
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India.
Nanoscale Adv. 2024 Dec 26;7(4):963-983. doi: 10.1039/d4na00931b. eCollection 2025 Feb 11.
Since the initial publication on the first TiCT MXene in 2011, there has been a significant increase in the number of reports on applications of MXenes in various domains. MXenes have emerged as highly promising materials for various biomedical applications, including photothermal therapy (PTT), drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and biosensing, owing to their fascinating conductivity, mechanical strength, biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. Through surface modification, MXenes can mitigate cytotoxicity, enhance biological stability, and improve histocompatibility, thereby enabling their potential use in biomedical applications. MXenes are also known for their ability to absorb light in the near-infrared (NIR) region and generate heat by localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects and electron-phonon coupling. Optical excitation laser pulses result in hot photocarrier distribution in MXenes, which quickly transfers surplus energy to the crystal lattice and results in the internal conversion of light into heat with nearly 100% efficiency. The relaxation of hot carrier distribution by electron-phonon interactions leads to the cooling of the lattice by dissipating thermal energy to the surrounding environment. This heating effect of MXenes makes them potential photothermal agents (PTAs), particularly for PTT applications. The adjustable surface of MXenes and their high surface area-to-volume ratios are ideal for the combinatorial approach of PTT along with drug delivery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), bone regeneration and other applications. Since non-Ti MXenes are more biocompatible than Ti MXenes, they are promising candidates for different biomedical applications. This comprehensive review provides a concise overview of the current research patterns, properties, and biomedical applications of non-Ti MXenes, particularly in PTT and its combinatorial approaches.
自2011年首次发表关于首个TiCT MXene的文章以来，MXene在各个领域应用的报道数量显著增加。由于其迷人的导电性、机械强度、生物相容性和亲水性，MXene已成为用于各种生物医学应用的极具潜力的材料，包括光热疗法（PTT）、药物递送、诊断成像和生物传感。通过表面修饰，MXene可以减轻细胞毒性、增强生物稳定性并改善组织相容性，从而使其在生物医学应用中有潜在用途。MXene还因其能够在近红外（NIR）区域吸收光并通过局域表面等离子体共振（LSPR）效应和电子-声子耦合产生热量而闻名。光激发激光脉冲导致MXene中产生热光载流子分布，热光载流子会迅速将多余的能量转移到晶格中，从而使光几乎以100%的效率内转换为热。通过电子-声子相互作用使热载流子分布弛豫，会通过将热能耗散到周围环境中而导致晶格冷却。MXene的这种加热效应使其成为潜在的光热剂（PTA），特别是用于PTT应用。MXene可调节的表面及其高的表面积与体积比对于PTT与药物递送、光动力疗法（PDT）、骨再生及其他应用的联合方法而言是理想的。由于非Ti MXene比Ti MXene具有更高的生物相容性，它们是不同生物医学应用的有前途的候选材料。这篇综述全面概述了非Ti MXene的当前研究模式、特性和生物医学应用，特别是在PTT及其联合方法方面。
