Architecture of Vanadium-Based MXene Dysregulating Tumor Redox Homeostasis for Amplified Nanozyme Catalytic/Photothermal Therapy.

Taking the significance of the special microenvironment for tumor cell survival into account, disrupting tumor redox homeostasis is highly prospective for improving therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a multifunctional 2D vanadium-based MXene nanoplatform, V C /atovaquone@bovine albumin (V C /ATO@BSA, abbreviated as VAB) has been elaborately constructed for ATO-enhanced nanozyme catalytic/photothermal therapy. The redox homeostasis within the tumor cells is eventually disrupted, showing a remarkable anti-tumor effect. The VAB nanoplatform with mixed vanadium valence states can induce a cascade of catalyzed reactions in the tumor microenvironment, generating plenty of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with effective glutathione consumption to amplify oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the stable and strong photothermal effect of VAB under near-infrared irradiation not only causes the necrosis of tumor cells, but also improves its peroxidase-like activity. In addition, the release of ATO can effectively alleviate endogenous oxygen consumption to limit triphosadenine formation and inhibit mitochondrial respiration. As a result, the expression of heat shock proteins is effectively suppressed to overcome thermoresistance and the production of ROS can be further promoted due to mitochondrial injury. Moreover, VAB also presents high photoacoustic and photothermal imaging performances. In brief, the multifunctional nanoplatform can provide ATO-enhanced nanozyme catalytic/photothermal therapy with broadening the biomedical applications of vanadium-based MXene.